2 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



is done. Where the society is small, and its habitat so favorable that 

 life may be comfortably maintained with but little exertion, the social 

 relations which characterize the industrial type may coexist with but 

 very moderate productive activities. It is not the diligence of its 

 members which constitutes the society an industrial one in the sense 

 here intended, but the form of cooperation under which their labors, 

 small or great in amount, are carried on. This distinction will be best 

 understood on observing that, conversely, there may be, and often is, 

 great industry in societies framed on the militant type. In ancient 

 Egypt there was an immense laboring population, and a large supply 

 of commodities, numerous in their kinds, produced by it. Still more 

 did ancient Peru exhibit a vast community purely militant in its 

 structure, the members of which worked unceasingly. We are here 

 concerned, then, not with the quantity of labor, but with the arrange- 

 ments under which it is carried on. A regiment of soldiers can be set 

 to construct earthworks ; another to cut down wood ; another to 

 bring in water ; but they are not thereby reduced for the time being 

 to an industrial society. The united individuals, doing these several 

 things under command, and having no private claims to the products, 

 are, though industriously occupied, not industrially organized. And 

 the same holds throughout the militant society as a whole, in propor- 

 tion as the regimentation of it approaches completeness. 



The industrial type of society, properly so called, must also be 

 distinguished from a type very likely to be confounded with it the 

 type, namely, in which the component individuals, while exclusively 

 engaged in production and distribution, are under a regulation such 

 as that advocated by socialists and communists. For this, too, in- 

 volves, in another form, the principle of compulsory cooperation. 

 Directly or indirectly, individuals are to be prevented from severally 

 and independently occupying themselves as they please ; are to be 

 prevented from competing with one another in supplying goods for 

 money ; are to be prevented from hiring themselves out on such ternis 

 as they think fit. There can be no artificial system for regulating 

 labor which does not interfere with the natural system. To such ex- 

 tent as men are debarred from making whatever engagements they 

 like, they are to that extent working under dictation. No matter in 

 what way the controlling agency is constituted, it stands toward those 

 controlled in the same relation as does the controlling agency of a 

 militant society. And how truly the regime, which those who declaim 

 against competition would establish, is thus characterized, we see both 

 in the fact that substantially communistic forms of organization ex- 

 isted in early societies which were predominantly warlike, and in the 

 fact that at the present time communistic projects chiefly originate 

 among, and are must favored by, the more warlike societies. 



A further preliminary explanation maybe needful. The structures 

 proper to the industrial type of society must not be looked for in dis- 



