THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 3 



tiuct forms when they first appear. Contrariwise, we must expect 

 them to begin in vague, unsettled forms. Arising as they do by modi- 

 fication of preexisting structures, they are necessarily long in losing 

 all trace of these. For example, transition from the state in which 

 the laborer, owned like a beast, is maintained that he may work ex- 

 clusively for his master's benefit, to the condition in which he is com- 

 pletely detached from master, soil, and locality, and free to work 

 anywhere and for any one, is through gradations. Again, the change 

 from the arrangement proper to militancy, under which subject-per- 

 sons receive, in addition to maintenance, occasional presents, to the 

 arrangement under which, in place of both, they receive fixed wages, 

 or salaries, or fees, goes on slowly and unobtrusively. Once more it 

 is observable that the process of exchange, originally indefinite, has 

 become definite only where industrialism is considerably developed. 

 Barter did not begin with a distinct intention of giving one thing for 

 another thing equivalent in value, but it began by making a present 

 and receiving a present in return ; and even now in the East there 

 continue traces of this primitive transaction. In Cairo the purchase 

 of articles from a shopkeeper is preceded by his offer of coffee and 

 cigarettes ; and, during the negotiation which ends in the engagement 

 of a dahabeah, the dragoman brings gifts and expects to receive 

 them. Add to which that there exists under such conditions none of 

 that definite equivalence which characterizes exchange among our- 

 selves : prices are not fixed, but vary widely with every fresh transac- 

 tion. So that, throughout our interpretations, we must keep in view 

 the truth that the structures and functions proper to the industrial 

 type distinguish themselves but gradually from those proper to the 

 militant type. 



Having thus prepared the way, let us now consider what are, a 

 priori, the traits of that social organization which, entirely unfitted 

 for carrying on defense against external enemies, is exclusively fitted 

 for maintaining the life of the society by subserving the lives of its 

 units. As before, in treating of the militant type, so here, in treating 

 of the industrial type, we will consider first the ideal form. 



While corporate action is the primary requirement in a society 

 which has to preserve itself in presence of hostile societies, conversely, 

 in the absence of hostile societies, corporate action is no longer the 

 primary requirement. 



The continued existence of a society implies, first, that it shall not 

 be destroyed bodily by foreign foes, and implies, second, that it shall 

 not be destroyed in detail by failure of its members to support and 

 propagate themselves. If danger of destruction from the first cause 

 ceases, there remains only danger of destruction from the second 

 cause. Sustentation of the society will now be achieved by the self- 

 sustentation and multiplication of its units. If his own welfare and 



