4 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



the welfare of his offspring are fully achieved by each, the welfare of 

 the society is by implication achieved. Very little corporate activity 

 is now required. Each man may maintain himself by labor, may ex- 

 change his products for the products of others, may give aid and 

 receive payment, may enter into this or that combination for carrying 

 on an undertaking, small or great, without the direction of the society 

 as a whole. The remaining end to be achieved by public action is to 

 keep private actions within due bounds ; and the amount of public 

 action needed for this becomes small in proportion as private actions 

 become duly self -bounded. 



So that, whereas in the militant type the demand for corporate 

 action is intrinsic, such demand for corporate action as continues in 

 the industrial type is mainly extrinsic is called for by those aggres- 

 sive traits of human nature which chronic warfare has fostered, and 

 may gradually diminish as, under enduring peaceful life, these de- 

 crease. 



In a society organized for militant action, the individuality of each 

 member has to be so subordinated in life, liberty, and property, that 

 he is largely, or completely, owned by the state ; but, in a society 

 industrially organized, no such subordination of the individual is 

 called for. There remain no occasions on which he is required to risk 

 his life while destroying the lives of others ; he is not forced to leave 

 his occupation and submit to a commanding officer ; and there ceases 

 to be any need that he should surrender for public purposes whatever 

 property may be demanded of him. 



Under the industrial regime, the citizen's individuality, instead of 

 being sacrificed by the society, has to be defended by the society : 

 the defense of his individuality becomes the society's essential duty. 

 That, after external protection is no longer called for, internal protec- 

 tion must become the cardinal function of the state, and that effectual 

 discharge of this function must be a predominant trait of the indus- 

 trial type, may be readily shown. 



For it is clear that, other things equal, a society in which life, lib- 

 erty, and property, are secure, and all interests justly regarded, must 

 prosper more than one in which they are not ; and consequently, among 

 competing industrial societies, there must be a gradual replacing of 

 those in which personal rights are imperfectly maintained by those in 

 which they are perfectly maintained. So that by survival of the fit- 

 test must be produced a social type in which individual claims, con- 

 sidered sacred, are trenched on by the state no further than is requisite 

 to pay the cost of maintaining them, or, rather, of arbitrating among 

 them. For, the aggressiveness of nature fostered by militancy having 

 died out, the corporate function becomes that of deciding between 

 those conflicting claims the equitable adjustment of which is not obvi- 

 ous to the persons concerned. 



