THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 5 



With the absence of need for that corporate action by which the 

 efforts of the whole society may be utilized for war, there goes the 

 absence of need for a despotic controlling agency. 



Not only is such an agency unnecessary, but it can not exist. For, 

 since, as we see, it is an essential requirement of the industrial type 

 that the individuality of each man shall have the fullest play consist- 

 ent with the like play of other men's individualities, despotic control, 

 showing itself as it must by otherwise restricting men's individualities, 

 is necessarily excluded. Indeed, by his mere presence an autocratic 

 ruler is an aggressor on citizens ; actually or potentially exercising 

 power not given by them, he in so far restrains their wills more than 

 they would be restrained by mutual limitation merely. 



Such control as is required under the industrial type can be exercised 

 only by an appointed agency for ascertaining and executing the average 

 will ; and a representative agency is the one best fitted for doing this. 



Unless the activities of all are homogeneous in kind, which they 

 can not be in a developed society with its elaborate division of labor, 

 there arises a need for conciliation of divergent interests ; and, to the 

 end of insuring an equitable adjustment, each interest must be enabled 

 duly to express itself. It is, indeed, supposable that the appointed 

 agency should be a single individual. But no such single individual 

 could arbitrate justly among numerous classes variously occupied, and 

 numerous groups variously localized, without hearing evidence ; from 

 each there would need to come representatives setting forth its claims. 

 Hence the choice would lie between two systems, under one of which 

 the representatives privately and separately stated their cases to an 

 arbitrator on whose single judgment decisions depended ; and under 

 the other of which these representatives stated their cases in one 

 another's presence, while judgments were openly determined by the 

 general consensus. Without insisting on the fact that a fair balancing 

 of class-interests is more likely to be effected by this last form of 

 representation than by the first, it is sufficient to remark that this last 

 form is more congruous with the nature of the industrial type, since 

 men's individualities are in the smallest degree trenched upon. Citi- 

 zens, who, appointing a single ruler for a prescribed time, may have a 

 majority of their wills traversed by his during this time, surrender 

 their individualities in a greater degree than do those who, from their 

 local groups, depute a number of rulers ; since these, speaking and 

 acting under public inspection and mutually restrained, habitually ex- 

 press the wills of the majority. 



The corporate life of the society being no longer in danger, and 

 the remaining business of government being that of maintaining the 

 conditions requisite for the highest individual life, there comes the 

 question, What are these conditions ? 



