THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 7 



are arbitrarily apportioned, while duties are arbitrarily enforced, so 

 throughout the rest of the militant society, the superior dictates the 

 labor and assigns such share of the return as he pleases. But as, with 

 declining militancy and growing industrialism, the power and range 

 of authority decrease and uncontrolled action increases, the relation of 

 contract becomes general, and in the fully-developed industrial type 

 it becomes universal. 



Under this universal relation of contract when equitably adminis- 

 tered, there arises that adjustment of benefit to effort which the ar- 

 rangements of the industrial society have to achieve. If each as pro- 

 ducer, distributor, manager, adviser, teacher, or aider of other kind, 

 obtains from his fellows such payment for his service as its value, 

 determined by the demand, warrants, then there results that correct 

 apportioning of reward to merit which insures the prosperity of the 

 superior. 



Again changing the point of view, we see that, whereas public con- 

 trol in the militant type is both positively regulative and negatively 

 regulative, in the industrial type it is negatively regulative only. To 

 the slaA r e, to the soldier, or to other member of a community organ- 

 ized for war, authority says : " Thou shalt do this ; thou shalt not do 

 that." But, to the member of the industrial community, authority 

 gives only one of these orders, " Thou shalt not do that." 



For people who, carrying on their private transactions by voluntary 

 cooperation, also voluntarily cooperate to form and support a govern- 

 mental agency, are, by implication, people who authorize it to impose 

 on their respective activities only those restraints which they are all 

 interested in maintaining the restraints which check aggressions. 

 Omitting criminals (who under the assumed conditions must be, if not 

 a vanishing quantity, still very few), each citizen, while not wishing to 

 invade others' spheres of action, will wish to preserve uninvaded his 

 own sphere of action, and to retain whatever benefits are achieved 

 within it. The very motive which prompts all to unite in upholding 

 a public protector of their individualities will also prompt them to 

 unite in preventing any interference with their individualities beyond 

 that required for this end. 



Hence it follows that, while, in the militant type, regimentation in 

 the army is paralleled by centralized administration throughout the 

 society at large, in the industrial type, administration, becoming de- 

 centralized, is at the same time narrowed in its range. Nearly all 

 public organizations save that for administering justice, necessarily 

 disappear ; since they have the common character that they either 

 aggress on the citizen by dictating his actions, or by taking from him 

 more property than is needful for protecting him, or by both. Those 

 who are forced to send their children to this or that school, those who 

 have, directly or indirectly, to help in supporting a state-priesthood, 



