8 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



those from whom rates are demanded that parish officers may admin- 

 ister public charity, those who are taxed to provide gratis reading for 

 people who will not save money for library subscriptions, those whose 

 businesses are carried on under regulation by . inspectors, those who 

 have to pay the cost of state science and art teaching, state emigra- 

 tion, etc., all have their individualities trenched upon ; either by com- 

 pelling them to do what they would not spontaneously do, or by tak- 

 ing away money which else would have furthered their private ends. 

 Coercive arrangements of such kinds, consistent with the militant 

 type, are inconsistent with the industrial type. 



With the relatively narrow range of public organizations, there 

 goes, in the industrial type, a relatively wide range of private organi- 

 zations ; the spheres left vacant by the one being filled by the other. 



Several influences conspire to produce this trait. Those motives 

 which, in the absence of that subordination necessitated by war, make 

 citizens unite in asserting their individualities, subject only to mutual 

 limitations, are motives which make them unite in resisting any inter- 

 ference with their freedom to form such private combinations as do 

 not involve aggression. Moreover, beginning with exchanges of goods 

 and services under agreements between individuals, the principle of 

 voluntary cooperation is simply carried out in a larger way by any 

 incorporated body of individuals who contract with one another for 

 jointly pursuing this or that business or function. And yet, again, 

 there is entire congruity between the representative constitutions of 

 such private combinations and that representative constitution of the 

 public combination which we see is proper to the industrial type : the 

 same law of organization pervades the society in general and in de- 

 tail. So that an inevitable trait of the industrial type is the multi- 

 plicity and heterogeneity of associations, religious, commercial, pro- 

 fessional, philanthropic, and social, of all sizes. 



Two indirectly resulting traits of the industrial type must be add- 

 ed. The first is its relative plasticity. 



So long as corporate action is necessitated for national self-preser- 

 vation so long as, to effect combined defense or offense, there is main- 

 tained that graduated subordination which ties all inferiors to superi- 

 ors, as the soldier is tied to his officer so long as there is maintained 

 the relation of status which tends to fix men in the positions they are 

 severally born to there is insured a comparative rigidity of social or- 

 ganization. But, with the cessation of those needs that initiate and 

 preserve the militant type of structure, and with the establishment of 

 contract as the universal relation under which efforts are combined 

 for mutual advantage, social organization loses its rigidity. No longer 

 determined by the principle of inheritance, places and occupations are 

 now determined by the principle of efficiency ; and changes of struct- 



