THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. n 



nal nature, are settled there." What little is told us of tribes living 

 in the Shervaroy Hills is, so far as it goes, to like effect. Speaking 

 generally of them, Shortt says they " are essentially a timid and harm- 

 less people, addicted chiefly to pastoral and agricultural pursuits " ; 

 and, more specifically describing one division of them, he says, " They 

 lead peaceable lives among themselves, and any dispute that may 

 arise is usually settled by arbitration." Then, to show that these so- 

 cial traits are not peculiar to any one variety of man, but are depend- 

 ent on conditions, may be recalled the before-named instance of the 

 Papuan Arafuras, who, without any divisions of rank or any heredi- 

 tary chieftainship, lead harmonious lives controlled only by the deci- 

 sions of their assembled elders. In all which cases we may discern 

 the leading traits above indicated as proper to societies not impelled 

 to corporate action by war. Strong centralized control not being re- 

 quired, such government as exists is exercised by a council informally 

 approved a rude representative government ; class distinctions do 

 not exist, or are but faintly indicated the relation of status is absent ; 

 whatever transactions take place between individuals are by agree- 

 ment, and the function which the ruling body has to perform is sub- 

 stantially limited to protecting private life by settling such disputes 

 as arise and inflicting mild punishments for the small offenses which 

 occur. 



Difficulties meet us when, turning to civilized societies, we seek in 

 them for the traits of the industrial type. Consolidated and organ- 

 ized as they have all been by wars actively carried on throughout the 

 earlier periods of their existence, and mostly continued down to com- 

 paratively recent times, and having simultaneously been developing 

 within themselves organizations for producing and distributing com- 

 modities, which have little by little become contrasted with those 

 proper to militant activities, the two are everywhere presented so 

 mingled that clear separation of the first from the last is, as said at the 

 outset, scarcely practicable. Radically opposed, however, as is com- 

 pulsory cooperation, the organizing principle of the militant type, to 

 voluntary cooperation, the organizing principle of the industrial type, 

 we may, by observing the decline of institutions exhibiting the one, 

 recognize, by implication, the growth of institutions exhibiting the 

 other. Hence, if, in passing from the first states of civilized nations, in 

 which war is the business of life, to states in which hostilities are but 

 occasional, we simultaneously pass to states in which the ownership of 

 the individual by his society is not so constantly and strenuously en- 

 forced, in which the subjection of rank to rank is mitigated, in which 

 political rule is no longer autocratic, in which the regulation of citi- 

 zens' lives is diminished in range and rigor, while the protection of 

 them increased, we are by implication shown the traits of a developing 

 industrial type. Comparisons of several kinds disclose results which 

 unite in verifying chis truth. 



