THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 13 



could, or else bribed the ruler, general or local, to use bis power in 

 their behalf, there has come a regime under which, while much less 

 self -protection is required, a chief function of the ruling power and its 

 agents is to administer justice. In all ways, then, we are shown that, 

 with this relative decrease of militancy and relative increase of indus- 

 trialism, there has been a change from a social order in which indi- 

 viduals exist for the benefit of the state to a social order in which the 

 state exists for the benefit of individuals. 



When, instead of contrasting early European communities at large 

 with European communities at large as they now exist, we contrast 

 the one in which industrial development has been less impeded by mili- 

 tancy with those in which it has been more impeded by militancy, par- 

 allel results are apparent. Between our own society and Continental 

 societies, as, for example, France, the differences which have gradually 

 arisen may be cited in illustration. After the conquering Normans 

 had spread over England, there was established here a much greater 

 subordination of local rulers to the general ruler than there existed 

 elsewhere ; and, as a result, there was not nearly so much internal dis- 

 sension. Says Hallam, speaking of this period, " We read very little 

 of private wars in England." Though from time to time there were 

 rebellions, and under Stephen a serious one, and though there were 

 occasional fights between nobles, yet for some hundred and fifty years, 

 up to the time of King John, the subjection maintained secured com- 

 parative order. Further, it is to be noted that such general wars as 

 occurred were mostly carried on abroad ; descents on our coasts were 

 few and unimportant, and conflicts with Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, 

 entailed but few intrusions on English soil. Consequently, there was 

 a relatively small hindrance to industrial life and the growth of social 

 forms appropriate to it. Meanwhile, the condition of France was 

 widely different. During this period and long after, besides wars 

 with England (mostly fought out on French soil) and wars with other 

 countries, there were going on everywhere local wars. From the tenth 

 to the fourteenth century perpetual fights between suzerains and 

 their vassals occurred, as well as fights of vassals with one another. 

 Not until toward the middle of the fourteenth century did the king 

 begin greatly to predominate over the nobles ; and only in the fif- 

 teenth century was there established a supreme ruler strong enough to 

 prevent the quarrels of local rulers. How great was the consequent 

 repression of industrial development may be inferred from the exag- 

 gerated language of an old writer, who says of this period during 

 which the final struggle of monarchy with feudalism was going on, 

 that " agriculture, traffic, and all the mechanical arts ceased." Such 

 being the contrast between the small degree in which industrial life 

 was impeded by war in England and the great degree in which it 

 was impeded by war in France, let us ask, What were the political 

 contrasts which arose? The first fact to be noted is that in the 



