18 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



onraent for debt being abolished. Such penalties on religious inde- 

 pendence as remained disappeared ; first by removal of those direct- 

 ed against Protestant dissenters, and then of those which weighed 

 on the Catholics, and then of some which told specially against Qua- 

 kers and Jews. By the Parliamentary Reform Bill and Municipal Re- 

 form Bill, vast numbers were removed from the subject classes to the 

 governing classes. Interferences with the business-transactions of 

 citizens were diminished by allowing free trade in bullion, by permit- 

 ting joint-stock banks, by abolishing multitudinous restrictions on the 

 importation of commodities leaving eventually but few which pay 

 duty. And, while by these and kindred changes, such as the removal 

 of restraining burdens on the press, impediments to the free action of 

 the citizen were decreased, the protective action of the state was in- 

 creased. By a greatly-improved police system, by county courts, and 

 so forth, personal safety and claims to property were better secured. 



Not to elaborate the argument further by adding the case of the 

 United States, which repeats with minor differences the same relations 

 of phenomena, the evidence given adequately supports the proposition 

 laid down. Amid all the complexities and perturbations, comparisons 

 show us with sufficient clearness that, in actually-existing societies, 

 those traits which we inferred must distinguish the industrial type 

 show themselves clearly in proportion as the social activities are pre- 

 dominantly characterized by exchange of services under agreement. 



As in the last chapter we noted the traits of character proper to 

 the members of a society which is habitually at war, so here we have 

 to note the traits of character proper to the members of a society 

 occupied exclusively in peaceful pursuits. Already in delineating 

 above, the rudiments of the industrial type of social structure as ex- 

 hibited in certain small groups of unwarlike peoples, some indications 

 of the accompanying personal qualities have been given ; but it will 

 be well now to emphasize these and add to them, before observing 

 the kindred personal qualities in the more advanced industrial com- 

 munities.* 



Absence of a centralized coercive rule, implying as it does feeble 

 political restraints exercised by the society over its units, is accom- 

 panied by a strong sense of individual freedom and a determination 

 to maintain it. The amiable Bodo and Dhimals, as we have seen, 

 resist " injunctions injudiciously urged with dogged obstinacy." 1 The 

 peaceful Lepchas " undergo great privations rather than submit to op- 

 pression or injustice." 2 The " simple-minded Santal " has a " strong 

 natural sense of justice, and, should any attempt be made to coerce 



* Though, as already explained, the references to authorities have been reserved until 

 the final publication of these chapters, yet, as the facts quoted in the succeeding para- 

 L r ni]>li< are such as to excite surprise, or, it may be, doubt, I think it well to here give at 

 Once the means of verification : ' Hodgson in " Journal Asiatic Society," Bengal, xviii, 

 746. Campbell in " Journal Ethnological Society," for July, 1869. 3 Hunter's " Annals 



