THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 25 



food, clothing, and domestic habits ; and over the multitudinous proc- 

 esses carried on by producers and distributors, constituting immensely 

 the larger part of our social activities, we no longer believe that legis- 

 lative dictation is beneficial. Moreover, every newspaper, by its criti- 

 cisms on the acts of ministers and the conduct of the House of Com- 

 mons, betrays the diminished faith of citizens in their rulers. Nor is 

 it only by contrasts between past and present among ourselves that we 

 are shown this trait of a more developed industrial state. It is shown 

 by kindred contrasts between opinion here and opinion abroad. The 

 speculations of social reformers in France and in Germany prove that 

 the hope for benefits to be achieved by state-agency is far higher with 

 them than with us. 



Along with decrease of loyalty and concomitant decrease of faith in 

 the powers of governments has gone decrease of patriotism patriot- 

 ism, that is, under its original form. To fight " for king and country " 

 is an ambition which nowadays occupies but a small space in men's 

 minds ; and though there is among us a majority whose sentiment is 

 represented by the exclamation, " Our country, right or wrong ! " yet 

 there are large numbers whose desire for human welfare at large so 

 far overrides their desire for national prestige that they object to sac- 

 rificing the first to the last. The spirit of self-criticism, which in sun- 

 dry respects leads us to make unfavorable comparisons between our- 

 selves and Continental nations, leads us more than heretofore to blame 

 ourselves for wrong conduct to other peoples. The denunciations ut- 

 tered by many on our dealings with the Afghans, the Zooloos, and the 

 Boers, show that there is a large amount of the feeling reprobated 

 by the " Jingo "-class as unpatriotic. 



That adaptation of individual nature to social needs which, in the 

 militant state, makes men glory in war and despise peaceful pursuits, 

 has partially brought about among us a converse adjustment of the 

 sentiments. The occupation of the soldier has ceased to be so much 

 honored, and that of the civilian is more honored. During the forty 

 years' peace, the popular sentiment became such that " soldiering " 

 was spoken of contemptuously ; and those who enlisted, habitually the 

 idle and the dissolute, were commonly regarded as having completed 

 their disgrace. Similarly in America before the late civil war, such 

 small military gatherings and exercises as from time to time occurred, 

 excited general ridicule. Meanwhile, we see that labors, bodily and 

 mental, useful to self and others, have come to be not only honorable, 

 but in a considerable degree imperative. In America the adverse com- 

 ments on one who does nothing, almost force him into some active pur- 

 suit ; and among ourselves the respect for industrial life has become 

 such that men of high rank put their sons into business. 



While, as we saw, the compulsory cooperation proper to mili- 

 tancy forbids, or greatly discourages, individual initiative, the volun- 

 tary cooperation which distinguishes industrialism gives free scope to 



