28 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



that it tends to lose its economic autonomy, and to coalesce with ad- 

 jacent societies. 



The question next considered was, whether these traits of the in- 

 dustrial type as arrived at by deduction are inductively verified ; and 

 we found that in actual societies they are visible more or less clearly 

 in proportion as industrialism is more or less developed. Glancing at 

 those small groups of uncultured people who, wholly unwarlike, dis- 

 play the industrial type in .its rudimentary form, we went on to com- 

 pare the structures of European nations at large in early days of 

 chronic militancy with their structures in modern days characterized 

 by progressing industrialism ; and we saw the differences to be of the 

 kind implied. We next compared two of these societies, France and 

 England, which were once in kindred states, but of which the one has 

 had its industrial life much more repressed by its militant life than 

 the other ; and it became manifest that the contrasts which, age after 

 age, arose between their institutions, were such as answer to the hy- 

 pothesis. Lastly, limiting ourselves to England itself, and first noting 

 how recession from such traits of the industrial type as had shown 

 themselves occurred during a long war period, we observed how, dur- 

 ing the subsequent long peace beginning in 1815, there were numerous 

 and decided approaches to that social structure which we concluded 

 must accompany developed industrialism. 



We then inquired what type of individual nature accompanies the 

 industrial type of society ; with a view of seeing whether, from the 

 character of the unit as well as from the character of the aggregate, 

 confirmation is to be derived. Certain uncultured peoples, whose lives 

 are passed in peaceful occupations, proved to be distinguished by inde- 

 pendence, resistance to coercion, honesty, truthfulness, forgivingness, 

 kindness. On contrasting the characters of our ancestors during more 

 warlike periods with our own characters, we see that, with an increas- 

 ing ratio of industrialism to militancy have come a rising independ- 

 ence, a less-marked loyalty, a smaller faith in governments, and a 

 more qualified patriotism ; and while, by enterprising action, by dimin- 

 ished faith in authority, by resistance to irresponsible power, there 

 has been shown a strengthening assertion of individuality, there has 

 accompanied it a growing regard for the individualities of others, as 

 implied by the diminution of aggressions upon them and the multi- 

 plication of efforts for their welfare. 



To prevent misapprehension it seems needful, before closing, to 

 explain that these traits are to be regarded less as the immediate results 

 of industrialism than as the remote results of non-militancy. It is 

 not so much that a social life passed in peaceful occupations is posi- 

 tively moralizing, as that a social life occupied in war is positively 

 demoralizing. Sacrifice of others to self is in the one incidental only ; 

 while in the other it is necessary. Such aggressive egoism as accom- 

 panies the industrial life is extrinsic ; whereas the aggressive egoism 



