NORTH AMERICA IN THE ICE PERIOD. 235 



Packard describes glacial markings in the Hamilton Inlet fioi'd run- 

 ning to the northeast, and thinks that the movement was to the south- 

 east on the southern coast, or toward Newfoundland. 



Farther north, the Meta incognita just north of Hudson's Straits 

 shows an extensive mer de glace, with southerly-moving glaciers. 

 McClintock describes bowlders at Leopold Harbor (North Somerset) 

 and at Graham Moore Bay (Bathurst Island), which have been trans- 

 ported one hundred and one hundred and ninety miles northeast and 

 northwest. Glaciated conditions are mentioned by various explorers 

 to the west of Hudson's Bay, but we have no facts to indicate the 

 direction of the movement. Several statements made in Franklin's 

 second voyage imply a westerly movement. 



There is a marked difference in the distances to which bowlders 

 hsve been transported by the southwest and southeast currents. The 

 average distance of the transportation in New England is from twelve 

 to fifteen miles, and no bowlders, so far as known, have been carried 

 more than one hundred miles. At the extreme north edge of Maine, 

 as w r ell as near the north line of Vermont, west of the Connecticut 

 water-shed, are a few bowlders that have come from beyond the St. 

 Lawrence, thus indicating a southeast movement across the St. Law- 

 rence Valley, at right angles to what is supposed to be the common 

 course. In Ohio many stones have been transported more than one 

 hundred miles. In Iowa and Wisconsin bowlders of native copper 

 occur from three hundred to four hundred and sixty-five miles away 

 from their supposed source in Michigan. From the Lake of the Woods 

 G. M. Dawson has described a transportation toward the Rocky Moun- 

 tains of seven hundred miles. At Baton Rouge, Louisiana, are fossils, 

 perhaps transported by floating ice, that seem to have come from Can- 

 ada West, as much as twelve hundred miles ; and at Natchez, Missis- 

 sippi, there has been found auriferous quartz, supposed to have come 

 from Montana, eighteen hundred miles. The southwest direction has 

 therefore afforded the examples of the greatest distance traveled by 

 the bowlders. Perhaps topography has aided the result, and the St. 

 Lawrence valley is directly continuous with the Western prairies and 

 Mississippi bottoms, and the New England mountains have intercepted 

 the material brought from the Laurentian highlands. 



The evidence is clear, however, of the passage of the ice-sheet 

 directly over all the higher New England summits in a southeasterly 

 direction. The facts illustrative have been specifically given for the 

 Green Mountains, as Mounts Mansfield, Camel's Hump, Pico, Eolus, 

 etc. ; for Grey lock, the highest of the Massachusetts mountains ; for 

 Mount Washington, and others of the White Mountains, in New Hamp- 

 shire ; and for Katahdin, in Maine, in the several geological reports of 

 those States. The most important case is that of Mount Washington, 

 both because of its greater altitude and because it has been generally 

 supposed to have been an exception to the rule, and most geologists 



