M. PAUL BE OCA. 265 



volution of the left frontal lobe. Other facts came in to confirm his 

 view, and this part of the organ, now generally known as the "convo- 

 lution of Broca," has been determined to be the center of the faculty 

 of speech. 



In the two manuals which Broca published as guides to the studies 

 of general anthropology and craniology, he condensed in a few pages 

 the work of several years. He insisted especially on the importance 

 of accurate measurements, and of having conclusions supported by the 

 averages of a large number of experimental cases. For these purposes 

 he invented more than thirty simple, accurate, and convenient instru- 

 ments of measurement. His anthropological memoirs are numerous, 

 and pertain to all branches of the science, prehistorical, historical, 

 ethnographical, and linguistic, and repeatedly illustrate the activity 

 and encyclopedic comprehension of his intellect. He had begun to 

 collect them in a series of volumes, of which three have been ptiblished 

 and a fourth is in preparation. During the later years of his life he 

 was chiefly interested in cerebral morphology ; and he was engaged, 

 when he was surprised by death, in a complete work on the morphol- 

 ogy of the brain, to constitute a masterly summary of the result of 

 his studies. Though it is unfinished, this valuable manuscript will 

 not be lost to science. Its scattered leaves have been collected, and 

 will be eventually published. 



Broca intermitted his anthropological labors during the Franco- 

 German War, in oi'der to serve his country as one of the three directors 

 of Public Assistance. Here it was his privilege, by the exercise of 

 considerable prudence and tact, to save the funds of the department, 

 amounting to 75,000,000 francs (or 115,000,000), from plunder by the 

 Communists. While others were ready to boast of their services, and 

 claim recognition for them after order was restored, Broca made no 

 allusion to what he had done. He resumed his studies during the sec- 

 ond siege, occupying himself in the formation of the collection of cere- 

 bral models in the laboratory. He founded the " Revue d' Anthro- 

 pologic " in January, 1872, and in the same year took part in the for- 

 mation of the French Association for the Advancement of the Sciences, 

 in which he became the leading spirit in the Anthropological Section. 



The foundation of the Anthropological School, and its installation 

 in rooms dependent on the Faculty of Medicine, was due to Broca's per- 

 sonal influence and zeal. The period of preparation for the opening 

 of the institution was fraught with perils to it arising from the oppo- 

 sition of the clerical party and the timidity of the Government. The 

 school, the laboratory, and the Anthropological Society, meeting in 

 the same place, are now together known as the Anthropological Insti- 

 tute. 



At the beginning of 1880 M. Broca was elected Senator for life. 

 Shortly afterward he wrote in reply to the congratulations of an En- 

 glish club over his new advancement : " In choosing their candidate for 



