EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY IN SEX. 185 



of a man of the same size. The thoracic index of woman is less than 

 that of man (Weisgerber). The man absorbs more oxygen, although 

 he does not breathe as often. According to Quetelet, the woman, from 

 fifteen to fifty years of age, makes one more inspiration a minute than 

 the man. At all ages man exhales more carbonic acid than woman 

 (Andral and Gavarret). The temperature of man is higher than that 

 of woman. In the circulation, the pressure of the blood is stronger 

 in the male, although the pulse is less frequent. The difference 

 amounts to eighteen pulsations a minute in the lion, ten in cattle, 

 twelve in sheep, and ten to fourteen in man. 



The relative weight of the skeleton to the total weight of the body 

 is less with woman ; Topinard says that in the physical characters of 

 her skeleton woman is intermediate between the infant and the mascu- 

 line adult. M. Milne-Edwards has found the bones of the male a little 

 richer in inorganic matter than those of the female, and that at thirty 

 years the bones of the man contain more mineral matter, less organic 

 matter, more carbonate of lime, less phosphate of lime, than those of 

 the woman. The prevalence of the right side over the left is less with 

 the woman (Harting). Broca has found that the clavicle of the woman 

 is longer in proportion to the humerus ; similar differences are observed 

 between inferior and superior races. 



The male individual is always larger than the female. This is 

 observable in our domestic animals. M. Topinard fixes the average 

 difference in height between man and woman at twelve centimetres 

 (four and two thirds inches). Woman is also lighter than man, although 

 she often appears larger on account of the greater development of her 

 adipose system. Topinard says that in the whole Indo-European series 

 woman is more prognathous than man. According to my researches 

 the foot of woman is flatter and less arched than that of man, a fact 

 which women of fashion try to hide by means of high heels. The 

 female voice is always higher than that of the male, in animals and 

 in man. Woman's voice is an octave higher than man's. 



The muscular system of the male is better developed and more 

 vigorous than that of the female. This may be observed in wild 

 and domestic animals. The muscular force of a woman from twenty- 

 five to thirty years of age, measured in the dynamometer, is a third 

 less than that of a man of the same age. The movements of man are 

 more precise than those of woman. Thus men make the best pianists. 

 The skull of the male is more voluminous than that of the female 

 (Summering, Parchappe, Broca, Morselli). Huschke estimates the 

 difference in Europeans at two hundred and twenty cubic centimetre-. 

 Dr. Weisbach makes the relative measurement as 1,000 to 878 ; Mor- 

 selli, 100 to 85. The shape of the skull also varies with the sex, thai 

 of the man being lower and longer than that of the woman. The 

 brain of the male is heavier than that of the female, in a proportion 

 for man fixed by Broca at 1,323 to 1,210 grammes (46f to 42^- ounces). 



