586 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ble of being turned slightly to the right, not at all to the left ; yet, 

 when an object on which the eyes were fixed at a distance was gradu- 

 ally brought close to the face, the eyes converged upon it, the right eye 

 moving about fifteen degrees to the left to bring the line of its axis 

 upon the object. Such an affection may be accounted for on Fer- 

 rier's theory by supposing that one of the brain-centers controlling the 

 horizontal movements of the eyes had been destroyed. Most of the 

 ordinary movements of the eyes in health are probably horizontal, 

 and are least voluntary ; and because they are very simple, and do 

 not involve movements of the muscles of the eye, they are regarded 

 as the least intellectual. The vertical movements are more com- 

 plex, calling special muscles into play, and may, therefore, be con- 

 sidered more intellectual. From direct observation, it appears to me 

 that intellectuality is represented by the movements of the eyeballs 

 in their orbits. When an individual in looking at an object moves 

 the eyes by the action of the recti muscles so as to direct them to- 

 wards it, the movement is more intellectual than when the head is 

 turned so as to direct the eyes in the required direction. A bright, 

 healthy, well-developed infant turns its eyes well in the orbits in look- 

 ing about ; not so a dull, wasted child. Again, intellectual people 

 usually move the eyes in their orbits in looking at any object ; the low 

 and vulgar often move the head in the direction required. The move- 

 ments of the face, like the other forms of expression by muscular 

 action, are generally symmetrical. Asymmetry is, however, seen in 

 facial palsy, in sneering, and occasionally in the one-sided grimaces of 

 very nervous people. Certain commonly marked lines in the face 

 horizontal and vertical lines in the frontal zone, the naso-labial grooves, 

 the lines of the upper and lower lips, and the positions of the angles of 

 the mouth exist as the result of the puckerings produced by muscular 

 action. Among the facial muscles, intellectuality appears to be most 

 commonly expressed in the frontal and middle zones, and by the ac- 

 tion of the corrugator and orbicularis-oculi muscles. It has been pos- 

 sible among out-patients to accept the facial appearance as a physical 

 sign of mental as well as of physical and organic suffering. In cases 

 where the muscular expression has been marked, some painful condi- 

 tion and some source of anxiety or mental distress has almost invaria- 

 bly been found. A person suffering from headache, or who " looks as 

 if he had a headache," presents an appearance of depression, heavi- 

 ness, fullness about the eyes, especially about the under eyelid ; the 

 orbicular muscle and adjacent parts are flabby, with the skin hanging 

 loosely. If the patient can be induced to laugh, the muscle recovers 

 its tone, the skin is tucked well in against the eyeball, and the appear- 

 ance of depression or expression of headache is lost for a time. The 

 life of the eyes is given, not by the eyeball, which is almost wholly 

 lacking in expression, but by the conditions of the eyelids and of the 

 muscles that move them, and in some degree by the muscles which 



