3 8 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



under its various forms, social included, which it has been all along 

 my purpose to illustrate in detail. He refers to evolution as exhibited 

 in the change from a savage to a civilized state; but he does not ask 

 in what the change essentially consists, and, not asking this, does 

 not see what alone is to be included in an account of it. Let us 

 contemplate for a moment the two extremes of the process. 



Here is a wandering cluster of men, or rather of families, con- 

 cerning which, considered as an aggregate, little more can be said 

 than can be said of a transitory crowd: the group considered as a 

 whole is to be described not so much by characters as by the absence 

 of characters. It is so loose as hardly to constitute an aggregate, 

 and it is practically structureless. Turn now to a civilized society. 

 No longer a small wandering group but a vast stationary nation, it 

 presents us with a multitude of parts which, though separate in 

 various degrees, are tied together by their mutual dependence. The 

 cluster of families forming a primitive tribe separates with impunity : 

 now increase of size, now dissension, now need for finding food, 

 causes it from time to time to divide; and the resulting smaller 

 clusters carry on what social life they have just as readily as before. 

 But it is otherwise with a developed society. Not only by its station- 

 ariness is this prevented from dividing bodily, but its parts, though 

 distinct, have become so closely connected that they can not live 

 without mutual aid. It is impossible for the agricultural com- 

 munity to carry on its business if it has not the clothing which the 

 manufacturing community furnishes. Without fires neither urban 

 nor rural populations can do their work, any more than can the 

 multitudinous manufacturers who need engines and furnaces; so 

 that these are all dependent on coal-miners. The tasks of the mason 

 and the builder must be left undone unless the quarryman and the 

 carpenter have been active. Throughout all towns and villages retail 

 traders obtain from the Manchester district the calicoes they want, 

 from Leeds their woolens, from Sheffield their cutlery. And so 

 throughout, in general and in detail. That is to say, the whole 

 nation is made coherent by the dependence of its parts on one 

 another — a dependence so great that an extensive strike of coal- 

 miners checks the production of iron, throws many thousands of 

 ship-builders out of work, adds to the outlay for coal in all house- 

 holds, and diminishes railway dividends. Here then is one primary 

 contrast- — the primitive tribe is incoherent, the civilized nation is 

 coherent. 



While the developing society has thus become integrated, it has 

 passed from its original uniform state into a multiform state. 

 Among savages there are no unlikenesses of occupations. Every 

 man is hunter and upon occasion warrior; every man builds his own 



