44 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



dustries, making the life of the whole possible, all those specialized 

 classes which have established and maintained the inter-dependence 

 of the producing structures, by facilitating and regulating the 

 exchange of their products, have arisen from the play of aggregate 

 forces, constituted of men's desires directed by their respective sets 

 of circumstances. Mr. Mallock alleges that the great fact of human 

 inequality — the fact that there is a minority " more gifted and 

 efficient than the majority " — is the fundamental fact from which 

 "the main structural characteristics of all civilized societies spring."* 

 That he should assert this in presence of all the evidence which the 

 Principles of Sociology puts before him, is, to use the weakest 

 word, surprising. If his assertion be true, however, the way of 

 demonstrating its truth lies open before him. In volumes II. and 

 III. of the Principles of Sociology, several groups of institutions, 

 presented by every developed society, are dealt with under the heads, 

 Political, Ecclesiastical, Professional, Industrial: seventy-one chap- 

 ters being included in them. Each chapter treats of some aspect, 

 some division or subdivision, of the phenomena grouped under the 

 general head. Instead of the Industrial Institutions discussed above, 

 suppose that Mr. Mallock takes a group not touched upon — Profes- 

 sional Institutions. The thesis worked out in the part so entitled is 

 that all the professions are differentiated from the priesthood; and 

 the differentiation is tacitly represented as due to the slow operation 

 of those natural causes which lead to specializations of function 

 throughout the whole social aggregate. If Mr. Mallock is right, then 

 of the chapters dealing with the ten professions enumerated, each is 

 wrong by omitting to say anything about the great man, political, 

 industrial, or other, who set up the differentiation or from time to 

 time consciously gave it a more pronounced character — who thought 

 that it would be well that there should be a separate medical class, 

 or a separate teaching class, or a separate artist class, and then carried 

 his thought into effect. Mr. Mallock's course is simply to take each 

 of these chapters and show how, by the recognition of the supple- 

 mentary factor on which he insists, the conclusions of the chapter are 

 transformed. If he does this he will do more than by merely assert- 

 ing that my views of social evolution are wrong because the " great 

 fact of human inequality ' : " is systematically and ostentatiously 

 ignored." 



If in his title Mr. Mallock had, instead of " Evolution," written 

 Social Sustentation, the general argument of his book would have 

 been valid. If, further, he had alleged that social sustentation is 



* Nineteenth Century, pp. 314, 315. 



