THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. 53 



soon arrives on the spot in the shape of the Texas Rangers, the 

 Draconian gold-fields mounted police, or a royal governor. Or an 

 organized body of immigrants absorbs previous settlers and evolves 

 from within itself all the agencies of government. On one or other 

 of these two types all colonial societies have been built up. The 

 patriarchal theory of Filmer is realized in those colonies — the great 

 majority — where the government is clothed with power delegated 

 by the sovereign of the mother country. The socialist theory of 

 Locke is embodied in the New England colonies; in the Carolina 

 " Association " of 1719; in the resolutions of the Liberal Association 

 of Canada in 1841, which issued in the compact between the crown 

 and the Canadian people; in the New Zealand whalers in 1840, gov- 

 erned by their own laws ; in the New Zealand Company's settlements 

 (with a social contract previously drawn up by the passengers, as by 

 those of the Mayflower); and in the colonies of Otago and Canter- 

 bury, and New Australia in Paraguay. Two intermediate groups 

 have a transitional existence. Many colonies have been founded 

 by commercial companies whose collective history might be written 

 in two lines — inception of vast enterprises, partial commercial suc- 

 cess, great collateral benefits, ruinous loss of capital, surrender of 

 charter to the crown. A set of colonies peculiar to the United 

 States were established by one or more proprietaries, from whose 

 voluntary concessions the form of government was derived, but most 

 of these merged, after a series of conflicts, in the popular group. 

 They were respectively bastard royal and bastard charter colonies. 

 From the origin of a colony is deducible its whole political and 

 social structure. Colonies of royal foundation, by a kind of moral 

 pangenesis, tend to reproduce all parts of the mother country that are 

 suitable to the new environment — its inequalities of rank, governors 

 who are the image of the sovereign, an executive, legislative, and 

 judicature that are the delegation of his authority. But these institu- 

 tions must grow; they can not be made. The attempt to create 

 an aristocracy in Carolina, and the proposal to manufacture one in 

 New South Wales, necessarily failed. Yet in both countries one 

 grew or is growing up. In the South there was an untitled aristoc- 

 racy, with the aristocratic temper, exclusive institutions, and four 

 distinct classes (the descendants of the lords of the manor, villeins or 

 tenants, bond-servants, and slaves, who had a brief existence in Vir- 

 ginia, Carolina, and Maryland) — planters, overseers, mean whites, 

 and negro slaves; the fall of Richmond saw the happy ending of all 

 that. In the British colonies, as in England, there is an increasing 

 passion for titles, and of about sixty grades in the Byzantine hier- 

 archy of the English monarchy at least eleven have been transplanted 

 to colonial soil. But it is on one condition, abroad as at home — 



