BRAIN WEIGHTS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY. 251 



mounted by these animals, that it is impossible not to recognize in 

 their actions the characteristics of a rather high intelligence." * The 

 sheep has a much larger brain than the beaver, with numerous and 

 complete convolutions, yet it is one of the most stupid of domestic 

 animals. Again, though birds have convolutions in the cerebellum, 

 they have none in the cerebrum, and yet they are more capable of 

 education than any living beings except the human race. The eagle 

 is complete master of the lamb; the magpie, the hawk, the raven, and 

 the parrot with his talking powers, are not excelled in sagacity by the 

 dog, the horse, or the elephant, notwithstanding the latter animals 

 have brains of superior size and elaborate convolutions. 



Squirrels manifest foresight and economy in storing nuts for the 

 winter's use; yet they have no brain convolutions. The cetacea, 

 especially whales, have much larger brains than men, with more 

 numerous and more complex convolutions and deeper sulci; yet 

 their intelligence bears no comparison with that of the human race. 



Three eminent men are known to have had very small convolu- 

 tions of the brain — viz., Louis Asseline, Dr. Tiedemann, and Baron 

 von Liebig. We have to add to this remarkable list two, not named, 

 but described by Dr. Wagner as having been very intelligent, who 

 yet possessed very few convolutions in their very small brains, f As 

 Wagner's book was printed before Liebig died, he could not have 

 been one of the two to whom the author referred. 



Idiots often possess as large brains as men distinguished for intel- 

 lectual power, and their brains have as deep sulci, and convolutions as 

 fine, as large, and as complex. Our table of the common and weak- 

 minded contains a mention of an idiot whose brain weighed 53 

 ounces, or exactly as much as Napoleon's, and had fine convolutions 

 and a large frontal lobe, but who could never learn to speak. 



The elephant carries a far larger brain than man, finely formed, 

 broad and high in front, with much more numerous and complex 

 convolutions and deeper anfractuosities, and yet no intelligent person 

 would for a moment claim that its mind excels or even equals that 

 of man. 



It may be well here to allow some eminent physiologists to give 

 their views on this subject. " The researches of anatomists have 

 disposed of every point advanced by Gall. Curiously enough, M. 

 Camille Dareste has placed beyond dispute the fact that the number 

 and depth of the convolutions bear no direct proportion to the de- 

 velopment of intelligence, whereas they do bear a direct proportion 



* Anatomie comparative du systeme nerveux, tome i, 1839, p. 506. 



f Ueber die typischen Yerschiedenheiten der Windungen der Hemisphiiren und iiber 

 Lehre von Hirngewicht, Gottingen, 1860. Also see Pathology and Therapeutics of Mental 

 Diseases, London, 1870, p. 23. 



