THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 339 



kenazim type. This latter is said to be characterized by heavier fea- 

 tures in every way. The mouth, it is alleged, is more apt to be large, 

 the nose thickish at the end, less often clearly Jewish, perhaps. The 

 lips are full and sensual, offering an especial contrast to the thin 

 lips of the Sephardim. The complexion is swarthy oftentimes, the 

 hair and eyes very constantly dark, without the rufous tendency 

 which appears in the other branch. The face is at the same time 

 fuller, the breadth corresponding to a relatively short and round 

 head. 



Does this contrast of the traditional Sephardim and Ashkenazim 

 facial types correspond to the anthropometric criteria by means of 

 which we have analyzed the various populations of Europe? And, 

 first of all, is there the difference of head form between the two 

 which our descriptions imply? * And, if so, which represents the 

 primitive Semitic type of Palestine? The question is a crucial one. 

 It involves the whole matter of the original physical derivation of 

 the people, and the rival claims to purity of descent of the two 

 branches of the nation. In preceding papers we have learned that 

 western Asia is quite uniformly characterized by an exceeding broad- 

 headedness, the cephalic index — that is to say, the breadth of the 

 head in percentage of the length from front to back — often rising to 

 86. This is especially marked in Asia Minor, where some of the 

 broadest and shortest crania in the world are to be found. The 

 Armenians, for example, are so peculiar in this respect that their 

 heads appear almost deformed, so flattened are they at the back. A 

 head of the description appears in the case of our Jew from Fer- 

 ghanah on our second portrait page, 344. On the other hand, the 

 peoples of African or negroid derivation form a radical contrast, their 

 heads being quite long and narrow, with indices ranging from 75 

 to 78. This is the type of the living Arab to-day. Its peculiarity 

 appears in the prominence of the occipital region in our Arab and 

 other African portraits. Scientific research upon these Arabs has 

 invariably yielded harmonious results. From the Canary Islands, f 

 all across northern Africa,:}: to central Arabia itself,* the cephalic 

 indices of the nomadic Arabs agree closely. They denote a head 

 form closely allied to that of the Jong-headed Iberian races, typified 

 in the modern Spaniards, south Italians, and Greeks. It was the 

 head form of the ancient Phoenicians and Egyptians also, as has re- 



* The cephalic index by which we measure the head-form is merely the breadth of the 

 head in percentage of its length from front to back. The index rises as the head becomes 

 relatively more broad. 



f Verneau, 1881 a, p 500. 



\ Primer Bey, 65 b; Gillebert d'Hercourt, 1868, p. 9 ; and especially Collignon, 1887 a, 

 pp. 326-339; Bertholon, 1892, p. 41 ; also Collignon, 1896 b. 



* Eliseev, 1883. 



