660 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



At a later period drowning in the storms of winter is believed, but not 

 certainly known, to be a cause of death among the older pups. 



The causes of death here enumerated are natural and inherent 

 in the conditions under which the herd exists. That some of them 

 were not known or fully understood until the investigations of 1896 

 and 1897 does not make them new or recent in their action. They 

 have been constant factors, acting with greater intensity in the past 

 when the herd was larger and more crowded upon its breeding 

 grounds. Photographs taken in 1891 and 1892 show that the para- 

 sitic worm was then doing its deadly work, and more extensively in 

 proportion as the herd was larger. For 1,495 pups dead from this 

 cause counted by us on Tolstoi sand flat in 1896, 4,000 were counted 

 on the same ground by the British commissioner of 1892. More- 

 over, the bones of innumerable pups on ground already abandoned 

 in that year by the declining herd attest the existence of this cause 

 of death prior to that time. We have no reason to suppose that it 

 has not always preyed upon the herd. Death by trampling must at 

 present be at a minimum on account of the scattered condition of 

 the rookeries. The storms of winter and pelagic enemies must, of 

 course, take toll in proportion to the number of animals. 



But the significant fact shown by this proposition is that the gain 

 of the herd must be small at best under such a natural death rate. 

 We may suppose these natural losses to have been the checks which 

 in a state of nature prevented the indefinite increase of the herd, 

 When, therefore, to this total loss of from two thirds to four fifths 

 of the entire birth rate before breeding age is attained, we add the 

 tremendous artificial loss through the destruction of gravid and nurs- 

 ing females resulting from pelagic sealing, it is not to be wondered at 

 that the equilibrium was broken and the herd sent on a rapid decline. 



6. Counts of certain rookeries, with partial counts and estimates of 

 others, show that the number of breeding females bearing pups on St. 

 Paul and St. George Island was, in 1896 and 1897, between 160,000 and 

 130,000, more nearly approaching the higher figure in 1896 and the lower 

 in 1897. 



These figures are based upon counts of all the breeding families 

 on both islands for each season. On certain rookeries the live and 

 dead pups were counted. In this way an average size of family was 

 obtained which was used to complete the census where pups could 

 not be counted. 



7. On certain rookeries where pups were counted in both seasons, 16,241 

 being found in 1896 and 14.318 in 1897, or, applying a count adopted by Pro- 

 fessor Thompson, 14,743 in the latter year, there is evident a decrease of 

 nine to twelve per cent within the twelvemonth in question. The count 

 of pups is the most trustworthy measure of numei'ical variation in the 



