THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 



725 



In order to give a summary view of the physical character- 

 istics of the present population which constitutes the two halves 

 of Italy above described, we have reproduced upon the following 

 pages the three most important maps in Livi's great atlas. Based 

 as they are upon detailed measurements made upon nearly three 

 hundred thousand conscripts, they can not fail to inspire con- 

 fidence in the evidence they have to present. Especially is this 

 true since their testimony is a perfect corroboration of the scat- 

 tered researches of many observers since the classical work of 

 Calori and Nicolucci thirty years ago. Researches at that time 

 made upon crania collected from the cemeteries and crypts began 

 to indicate a profound difference in head form between the popu- 

 lations of north and south. Then later, when Zampa, Lombroso, 

 Pagliani, and Riccardi * took up the study of the living peoples, 

 they revealed equally radical differences in the pigmentation and 

 stature. It remained for Livi to present these new data, uniformly 

 collected from evary commune in the kingdom, to set all possible 

 doubts at rest. It should be observed that our maps are all uni- 

 formly divided by white boundary lines into comparthnenti, so 

 called. These administrative districts correspond to the ancient 

 historical divisions of the kingdom. Their names are all given 



ALi'KNh iii'i'.. riuJuioiit. Cephalic Index, 'Jl'o. 



upon our preceding map of physical geography. Being similar 

 through the whole series, they facilitate comparisons between 

 smaller districts in detail. 



The basin of the Po is peopled by an ethnic type which is mani- 



* Exhaustive bibliography of each of these writers will be fouiul in the Bulletin of the 

 Boston Public Library, mentioned in the note on a preceding page. 



