8 THE NAUTILUS. 



it had not then been described and was therefore simply a 

 nude name. 



If there is any question as to this position, it may be well 

 claimed that the characterization of cumin gianus in the cata- 

 logue of 1853, taken with the subgeneric diagnosis of Ancy- 

 lastrum given by Bourguignat, was sufficient to identify the 

 species, even though he refrained from giving a formal de- 

 scription of it at that time. His remarks give an "unmistak- 

 able picture, which applies to no other form, yet known." 

 The only other known species of that group, A. irvina Petterd^ 

 is quite different in the manner of the enrollment of the per- 

 sistent spire, which has practically no lateral twist at all. 



III. No other species having in the meantime been desig- 

 nated as the type, it follows that Bourguignat 's second desig- 

 nation of cumingianus in the P. Z. S. as the type of his section, 

 cumingianus having then been formally described, was fully 

 operative, even though that of 1853 was insufficient. 



IV. When later it was discovered that cumingianus was 

 generically distinct from the European Ancyli, Ancylastrum, 

 of which it was the type by designation, necessarily followed 

 its type and became the name of the new genus. 



The argument of Kennard and Woodward, as I gather from 

 several letters from Mr. Kennard, is substantially as follows: 



I. "It is clear that Ancylastrum Bourg. is really a synonym 

 of Ancylus s. s. of authors. Bourguignat in 1853 when he 

 used the word type did not use it in the modern sense and 

 had no idea that it was generically distinct from the forms 

 with which he associated it. ' ' 



The reply to this is that under the Code the original diag- 

 nosis "cuts very little ice". The generic name follows the 

 type regardless of the specifications of the original diagnosis. 

 Very many of the ancient genera now in accepted use have 

 wandered far from the specifications of the original author. 



II. "Bourguignat never intended to separate cumingianus 

 from the rest and he uses the word type in a different sense. 

 He meant example, a very different thing. The present idea 

 of "type" is quite a modern one and when the older men 

 used it they meant example." 



