7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). A. Zoantharia. 13 



grooves; longitudinal muscles of the mesenteries very weak 1) Discosomidae ; B) 

 With basilar muscles, "Flimmerstreifen" and one or more gonidial grooves; longi- 

 tudinal muscles of mesenteries well developed 2) Phymanthidae, 3) Heteranthi- 

 dae, 4) Stoichactidae, 5) Thalassianthidae, 6) Actinodendridae, 7) Aurelianidae. 

 The Discosomidae clearly differ from all other Stichodactylinae ; they are allied 

 to the Protostichodactylinae and are direct descendants of some extinct family, 

 allied to the Corallimorphidae, with longitudinal muscles in the body wall. - 

 Appended to the memoir is a brief account by Stuhlmann of the fauna of the shores 

 and reefs of Bani Island, of the shore-reef of Bueni and of the reef in the Bay 

 of Kokotoni, the three localities from which most of the Actiniae described were 

 obtained. 



Carlgren( 2 ) believes that the current classification of the Stichodactylinae, 

 which is based on external characters, is artificial and results in genera which are 

 not nearly related being placed in the same family. He advocates a classification 

 based on the principal anatomical and histological characters, gives the diagnoses 

 of three families : Discosomidae (Discosoma, Isaura, Orinia, Ricordea, Actinotryx, 

 Rhodactis), Stoichactidae n. (Stoichactis, Rodianthus, Antheopsis, Helianthopsis], Au- 

 relianidae (Aureliania, Actinoporus) and thus confirms Andres' view of the near 

 relationship of the two last-named genera. A new species of Actinoporus is described. 

 Heterantkus, though allied to the Stoichactidae, differs from them in the struc- 

 ture and arrangement of the tentacles, and the family Heteranthidae is formed for 

 this genus. 



Duerden( ! ) describes severalJamaican Stichodactylinae andZoantheae, viz, Phyin- 

 atithus 1, Actinotryx 1, Ricordea 1, Stoichaetis 1, HomostichantJ/us n. 1, Actinopo- 

 rus 1, Corynactis 1 and Parazoanthus 3 n. He divides Stichodactylinae into 

 two suborders Heterodactylinae (tentacles of two forms) and Homodactylinae 

 (tentacles all of one kind, simple or complex, usually following one another in con- 

 tinuous rows). In the latter suborder the more central tentacles are smaller or 

 less complex than the more peripheral, but within the same species they are all 

 formed on one plan. In Actinotryx Sandi-Thomae, Ricordea florida and Corynactis 

 myrcia the mesenterial filaments consist only of the middle glandular streak 

 (Drusenstreif) the lateral ciliated streaks being absent. The filaments are in di- 

 rect continuity with the ectoderm of the stomodaeum. In the other specimens de- 

 scribed glandular and ciliated streaks are present in the mesenterial filaments. The 

 author declares against the ectodermic origin of any part of the Actinian mesen- 

 terial filament, because filaments may appear on mesenteries of lower orders which 

 never reach the stomodaeum and yet these are indistinguishable from those occur- 

 ring on the primary mesenteries. He regards the continuity of the strongly ciliated 

 stomodaeal ectoderm and the Flimmerstreifen and Drusenstreif of the mesenterial 

 filaments as having a physiological rather than a morphological significance, as 

 being necessary for the proper maintenance and regulation of the internal circu- 

 lation of respiratory and digestive fluids. The species of Parazoanthus exhibit a 

 certain relationship in regard to the presence or absence of pigment granules 

 and of zooxanthellae. It is usually noticed that when the former are present in 

 excessive amount the latter are absent and vice-versa, the two however may 

 exist side by side. This relation between pigment granules and zooxanthellae also 

 holds in other families of Actiniaria, e.g., granules only are present in Bunodes 

 granulifera and B. Krebsii, but they are replaced by zooxanthellae in Aulactinia 

 stelloides. Most Sagartidae contain zooxanthellae, but in S. nivea these are replaced 

 by granules. The granules (in Par.) are small spheroidal bright yellow bodies without 

 nucleus and cell wall. These may be free chromoplasts , which, like the com- 

 mensal algae, aid respiration. The nature of the foreign inclusions is also cha- 



