128 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



operator to receive the message as it is developed on paper by the 

 instruments. 



To show the great extent to which telegraphing is now carried, and 

 its importance to the community, reference may here be made to the 

 arrangements of the newspaper press in New York, and their expenses 

 for telegraphic dispatches. The Associated Press, consisting of the 

 seven principal morning papers published in New York, paid during 

 the year ending November, 1852, nearly $50,000 for dispatches, one- 

 third of which was for foreign news. The several newspapers com- 

 posing this Association paid during the same time about 814,000 for 

 special and exclusive dispatches. 



The telegraphs in England are the next in importance and extent 

 to those in this country. They were first established in 1845, and 

 there is about 4,000 miles of wire in operation. 



The charge for transmission of dispatches is much higher than in 

 America, one penny per word being charged for the first fifty miles, 

 and one farthing per mile for any distance beyond one hundred miles. 

 A message of twenty words can be sent a distance of 500 miles in the 

 United States for one dollar, while in England the same would cost 

 seven dollars. 



In June, 1852, the sub-marine telegraph between Dover and Ostend 

 was completed, and on the 1st of November the first electric commu- 

 nication was established direct between Great Britain and the conti- 

 nent of Europe. By a line of wires between London and Dover, via 

 Rochester and Canterbury, in connection with the sub-marine cable 

 across the Straits of Dover, instantaneous communication is obtained 

 between London, Paris, Sweden, Trieste, Cracow, Odessa and Leg- 

 horn. The wires are also being carried onward to St. Petersburg ; 

 also to India and into the interior of Africa. 



A project has been formed for constructing a sub-marine telegraph 

 between Great Britain and the United States. It is proposed to 

 commence at the most northwardly point of Scotland, run thence to 

 the Orkney Islands, and thence by short water lines to the Shetland 

 and Faroe. Thence, a water line of 200 to 300 miles conducts the 

 telegraph to Iceland ; from the western coast of Iceland, another sub- 

 marine line conveys it to Kioge Bay, on the eastern coast of Green- 

 land ; it then crosses Greenland to Juliana's Hope, on the western 

 coast of that Continent, in GO 42', and is conducted thence by a 

 water line of about 500 miles, across Davis's Straits to Byron's Bay, 

 on the coast of Labrador. From this point the line is to be extended 

 to Quebec. 



The entire length of the line is approximately estimated at 2,500 

 miles, and the sub-marine portions of it at from 1,400 to 1,600 miles. 

 The peculiar advantage of the line being divided into several sub- 

 marine portions is that if a fracture should at any time occur, the 

 defective part could be very readily discovered and repaired promptly 

 at a comparatively trifling expense. From the Shetland Islands it is 

 proposed to carry a branch to Bergen, in Norway, connecting it there 

 with a line to Christiana, Stockholm, Gottenburg and Copenhagen ; 



