MECHANICS AND USEFUL ARTS. 91 



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ever, which, some say, are not so fast as the old colors, there is 

 now an enormous sale, because they can be worn with impunity, 

 and the colors, in most cases, stand well for a long time." 



MM. Girard -and De Laire have produced three new and dis- 

 tinct coloring matters from the residue of the manufacture of ros- 

 aniline. In making rosaniline, one-fourth only of the aniline em- 

 ployed is converted into that dye ; another fourth is recovered by 

 distillation ; in the black residuum in the other half, hitherto lost, 

 these chemists have discovered the three bodies which they call 

 mauvaniline, violaniline, and clirysotoluidine. They have also dis- 

 covered a new and pure blue dye, of comparative cheapness. 



TREATMENT OF REFUSE IN EUROPE. 



Two manufactories for the utilization of dead horses have been 

 established in Germany, one in Leipsic, Saxony, and another in 

 Linden, Prussia. The blood is manufactured into blood albumen, 

 dried blood, or blood manure; the hides are sold to tanners; the 

 hair is separated into tail hair, carded hair for stuffing, and very 

 short hair for manufacturing carpets ; and the hoofs are used for 

 manufacturing common buttons, manure, or blood alkali. 



The skinned animal is quartered and put into large cylindrical 

 boilers, which are hermetically closed and kept under a steam 

 pressure of 2 atmospheres. The condensed water softens the 

 meat oif and is then run off through a cock. When this water 

 begins to run quite clear the cock is shut, and the steam is allowed 

 to operate for about 8 hours. It melts the grease out, converts 

 the skinny and stringy parts to glue, and even softens thin bones. 

 Each cylinder contains 3 or 4 carcasses lying on a sieve bottom, 

 under which an impure deposit of glue is formed, with a layer of 

 pure grease above the glue. The melted grease flows off through 

 a cock. It is liquid when kept at a medium temperature, is espe- 

 cially good for oiling machinery and wool, and makes a soap 

 which is well adapted for the cloth manufacture. The glue, 

 which of course contains also extracts of meat, is so changed by 

 the heat that it can be used only for manufacturing bonesize, an 

 article used in cloth manufactories, which remains permanently 

 liquid and will not spoil by keeping. The next process is to crush 

 the meat and bones to a yellowish powder (worth- 3. 50 to 4.00 

 percwt.), which, according to Mr. Wicke's analysis, contains .0568 

 percent, of moisture, .5687 of organic substances, .0653 of nitro- 

 gen, and .3745 of ash. The .3745 per cent, of ash is divided into 

 .2989 per cent, of phosphoric salts (.1391 per cent, of phosphoric 

 acid), .0033 o potash, .0034 of soda, .0441 of lime, .0041 of 

 magnesia, .0104 of sulphuric acid, and .0043 of chlorine. 



Artificial manure is manufactured of fish offal and spoiled fish, 

 in the following manner, on the Lofoclen Islands (Norway and 

 Sweden). They dry and grind the back-bone and head, cut the 

 other remains into small pieces and pile them, with layers of fresh- 

 burnt lime, in pits stoned up and bottomed with clay, upon which 

 is placed a layer of turf ashes 5 inches thick. The mass is mixed 

 together after 6 or 8 months and packed in bags. 



