316 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



" In the Kjokkemnoddings of Denmark, though so much nearer 

 the subarctic regions, the reindeer is not found, and the fauna, 

 though more ancient than that now existing, indicates the pres- 

 ence of domesticated animals (dog). 



The same may be said of the Swiss lacustrine dwellings ; do- 

 mestic animals are present ; and the reindeer is absent even from 

 the most ancient of them, though that it was once in the neigh- 

 borhood is manifested by the existence of its remains in caves (at 

 1'Echelle) in the same district. 



In none of the cromlechs or sepulchres is there a trace of the 

 reindeer; and the fauna indicated by the remains found in them 

 is cited as more recent than either the fauna of the Kjokkenmb'dd- 

 ings or that of the most ancient lake-dwellings. 



From the archaeological or industrial point of view, it may be 

 remarked that from the drift we have no example of man's indus- 

 try except implements of flint; and of these only the larger and 

 coarser have been detected, though there is no reason to doubt 

 that he had also implements for finer work than the majority of 

 those found are fitted for. 



In the reindeer period, although man had attained to a great 

 proficiency in chipping, we have a total absence of ground or 

 polished axes ; and though he had arrived at the art .of sewing, 

 there is no trace of his having known how to spin ; and in many 

 of these caves of Dordogne there are no traces of pottery. 



In the Kjb'kkenmoddings pottery is not unfrequent, though 

 ground axes are very few, but not wholly wanting, and spindle 

 whorls are scarce. 



In the very oldest of the lake-dwellings (those in which there 

 is no trace of metal, as at Wangen) the majority of the axes are 

 ground, and the grinding-beds are the same as those found in the 

 surface-period of Denmark and England. Pottery is abundant; 

 not only spinning but weaving is presented ; and there are evi- 

 dences that the cultivation of wheat and other cereals has been 

 attained to. In the cromlechs and the sepulchres pottery is 

 abundant ; and the frequent occurrence of articles in bronze indi- 

 cates a later time. 



THE IRON AGE OF DENMARK. 



The Iron age of Denmark has been divided by Prof. Worsaae 

 into, 1. The Early Iron age, from about 250 to 450 A. c. 2. The 

 Transition period, extending to the close of the 7th century. And, 

 3. The Late Iron age, terminating with the introduction of Chris- 

 tianity about the year 1,000. 



According to M. Engelhardt, in his work " Denmark in the 

 Early Iron Age," this age commences with the introduction of 

 three very important elements of civilization, in advance of those 

 which characterized the Bronze age immediately preceding it. 

 These are, 1. The use of iron. 2. The employment of horses for 

 riding and driving. And, 3. The possession of an alphabet of 

 Runic letters. 



On comparing the antiquities of the Bronze and Early Iron 



