THE NAUTILUS. 115 



Jaminea Risso, 1826; not Brown, 1827. Brown cites tht name 

 as of Bruguiere, but I have found no reference to this origin of it 

 elsewhere. Risso's group is heterogeneous, and was intended for the 

 large Pupas in which the body whorl interrupts the peristome, while 

 for the small species of Vertigo, etc., with a continuous peristome, he 

 proposed a genus Saraphia, none of the species contained in which 

 can be positively recognized. Risso's first species is Vertigo minu~ 

 tissima Hartmann, which should properly have been placed in Sara- 

 phia. Those which agree more or less with his diagnosis have since 

 been separated into a number of groups in the following order chro- 

 nologically : Abida, Sphyradium, Eucore, TorquateJla. There are 

 also three unidentifiable species. Risso's second species was the last 

 to be separated and should have been reserved for Jantinia, of which 

 Torquatella must be regarded as a synonym. This type is Turbo 

 muscorum Linne, not Draparnaud. 



Ghondrus, Cuvier, 1817, not of Lamouroux, 1813. Cuvier's 

 C/wndrus was divided into two groups not named and with no type 

 cited. In 1821, Gray cited Pupa ciuerea Drap., as an example, but 

 Cuvier's name is pre-occupied in Polyps. The next name for this 

 group is Torquilla Studer, 1820, type P. secale Drap. Torquilla had 

 been used by Brisson in 1760 for a bird. Now Brisson is a non- 

 binominal writer and his genera have only been adopted by an arbi- 

 trary over-riding of the rules of nomenclature. Nevertheless I am 

 inclined to believe that such arbitrary acts are sometimes beneficial 

 to science and to be praised rather than blamed, when the occasion 

 is suitable, and the consensus of opinion of the specialists in the de- 

 partment affected, practically unanimous. Rejecting Torquilla, the 

 next name in order is Abida Leach, in Turton, 1831, sole example 

 cited P. secale, which must be regarded as the type. Several other 

 names have been proposed to take the place of Chondrus by too hasty 

 writers, such are Granaria Held, 1837, Pupella Swainson, 1840, 

 Chondrina Reichenbach, 1847; while further subdivisions of the type 

 are Sandahlia and Granopupa Westerlund, 1887. 



Alxa Jeffreys, 1830. This heterogeneous group, beside species of 

 hthmia and Jantinia, contained originally Pupa edentula Drap., 

 afterward separated as Sphyradium and Pupa minutisslma Hartmann, 

 which must be taken as the type. 



Pupilla Leach, in Turton. 1831. Two species are cited, one being 

 already the type of Jaminiu, the other, namely, P. umbilicata Drap., 



