CHEMISTRY. 197 



December, 1870), from the earliest times when the silica existed 

 in the state of igneous silicates, to the present time. 



SECONDARY PRODUCTS OBTAINED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF 



CHLORAL. 



Kramer (" Ber. deutsch. chem. Gesellschaft," III, pp. 257-202) 

 has studied the other products of the action of chlorine upon alco- 

 hol, the existence of a large quantity of ethylic chloride having 

 been shown by Hoffman. As the ethylic chloride was in contact 

 with an excess of chlorine, it was natural to expect to find in the 

 less volatile oily products the whole series of chlorinated ethylic 

 chlorides described by Regnault; and experiments showed that 

 several of these products were present. 



The most volatile product, boiling at 60, proved to be chlori- 

 nated chlorethyl, or chlorethylidene, C 2 H 4 C1 2 , identical with the 

 chlorethylidene prepared from aldehyde. A liquid boiling at 85, 

 proved to be ethylene-dichloride, the formation of which by the 

 action of chlorine upon ethylic chloride had not before been ob- 

 served. The next product was chlorinated ethylene-dichloride, 

 C 2 H 3 C1,C1 2 boiling at 150 ; and the last, bichlorinated ethy- 

 lene, C 2 H 2 C1 2 boiling at 37. Other chlorinated products were 

 also observed, but not yet studied. To prove the identity of the 

 chlorethylidene obtained in this manner with that obtained from 

 aldehyde by the action of pentachioride of phosphorus, Kramer 

 heated a portion of it with alcoholic ammonia to 160 for 12 hours. 

 In this manner an oily base boiling at 180-182, and having the 

 characteristic odor of collidine, C 8 HnN, was obtained. 



This base has already been formed from aldehyde-ammonia, by 

 Baeyer, and found to be identical with that obtained by Anderson 

 from animal oil. Amer. Jour. Science, July, 1870, p. 111. 



UTILIZATION OF THE SECONDARY PRODUCTS OBTAINED IN THE 



MANUFACTURE OF CHLORAL. 



Dr. A. W. Hoffman (" ComptesRendus," April 25, 1870, p. 900) 

 has examined a mixture of secondary products obtained during 

 the manufacture of chloral, and condensed during cold weather. 

 The liquid began to boil at 17-18, the temperature rising slowly 

 to 30-31, where it remained constant a short time, and then 

 rising again to 50, when nearly all distilled over. The most 

 volatile portions were mixed with 3 times their volume of alco- 

 hol saturated at with ammonia, and heated in a water-bath 

 for an hour. The liquid was then filtered to separate crystals of 

 sal-ammoniac, and the alcoholic ammonia and chlorinated ethylic 

 chlorides distilled off. The muss of chlorhydrates of ethyl-ammo- 

 nias remaining were decomposed with caustic soda, and the sepa- 

 rated liquid alkalies dehydrated by caustic soda, and finally dis- 

 tilled. In this manner 5 litres of the secondary products operated 

 upon gave li litres of a mixture of anhydrous ethylaniines. 

 These could be separated from each other by means of oxalic 



