ZOOLOGY. 363 



true molars attain larger dimensions than in the yellow or white 

 races," and, as well as in the apes, are supported by two distinct 

 fangs ; whereas, in the white and yellow races of the human subject, 

 these fangs are not infrequently united in the second molar, and are 

 usually so in the third. Just in proportion as the teeth of the black 

 races diverge from the Caucasian form, they approach, it will be ob- 

 served, the dental organization of the apes. 



INFERIOR TYPES OF THE HUMAN RACE. 



There is reason for believing that one of many missing links be- 

 tween existing European races and the highest apes has recently 

 been discovered in Germany, in the shape of a very ancient skull, 

 together with part of the skeleton to which it belonged. The ac- 

 count of this interesting relic was published by Prof. D. SchaafP- 

 hauseu, of Brim, in Mutter's Arcliiv, 1858, and has been translated and 

 published, with remarks, by Mr. George Busk, F. R. S., in the Nat- 

 ural History Revieio, No. 2. It appears that in the early part of 

 1857 a human skeleton was discovered in a limestone cave, in the 

 Neanderthal, near Hoehdal, between Diisseldorf and Eberfcld. " The 

 uneven floor of the cave was covered to a thickness of four or five 

 feet with a deposit of mud, sparingly intermixed with rounded frag- 

 ments of chert. In the removing of this deposit the bones were dis- 

 covered." The value of these remains was not, of course, appreci- 

 ated by the workmen, and hence several parts of the skeleton were 

 lost. Even the skull is not perfect. The peculiarity of the skull 

 consists in a remarkable prominence or projection of the super-ciliary 

 region of the forehead. The enlargement in this part is so great that 

 it can hardly be described as limited to the super-ciliary ridges. 

 These ridges, which coalesce completely in the middle, are so promi- 

 nent that the frontal bone exhibits a considerable hollow or depres- 

 sion above, or rather behind, them, whilst a deep depression is also 

 found in the situation of the root of the nose. The forehead is nar- 

 row and low, though the middle and hinder portions of the cranial 

 arch are well developed. The other bones which were procured 

 along with the skull are characterized by their unusual thickness, and 

 the great development of all of the elevations and depressions for 

 the attachment of muscles. Professor Schaaff'hausen remarks: 



" There is no reason whatever for regarding the unusual develop- 

 ment of the frontal sinuses in the remarkable skull from the Nean- 

 derthal as a pathological deformity ; it is, unquestionably, a typical- 

 race character, and is physiologically connected with the uncommon 

 thickness of the other bones of the skeleton, which exceeds, by about 

 one-half, the usual proportions." Owing to the imperfection of the 

 skull, it is difficult to determine the facial angle correctly. Profes- 

 sor Schaaff'hausen estimates it at 56, whereas Mr. Busk, who esti- 

 mated the angle on a cast of the skull, makes it from G4 to 67. 

 " The cranial capacity, compared with the uncommon strength of the 

 corporeal frame, would seem to indicate a small cerebral develop- 

 ment." Both Professor Schaaff'hausen and his translator are struck 

 with the approach which the frontal bone of this skull presents to the 

 cranial conformation of the chimpanzee and gorilla, in respect both to 



