MECHANICS A3D USEFUL ARTS. 63 



for a four wheeled, per day ; 92 gallons for every square yard of gar- 

 den, per annum ; 66 gallons for a bath, pur day ; and one-fifth gallon 

 for every square yard of public road, per day. Th e consumption in 

 Madrid, according to the report of t'i3 directors of the Canal de Isa- 

 bella, 2d Company, is 5:} gallons for every man per diem; 2U- f>r 

 every horse ; li^ for every two-wheeled carriage ; 21A for every four- 

 wheeled carriage, per diem; 12 gallons for every square yard of gar- 

 den. The following is the consumption in gallons of water per day, 

 and individual, in the chief towns of Europe and America. R >me, 

 213; New York, 125 ; Marseilles, 103^; Besancon, 51; Dejjii, II; 

 Bordeaux, 37 ; Hamburg, 28 ; Genoa, 26 ; Madrid, 26 ; Gia^o-.v, 

 25 ; London, 24 ; Lyons, 19 ; Manchester, 18 ; Brussels, 17 ; 'j ; Mo- 

 naco, 17; Toulouse, 16 ; Geneva, 161; Narbonne, 16; Philadel- 

 phia, 15^ ; Paris, 15 ; Grenoble, 14^ ; Montpellier, 13 ; Nantes, 13 ; 

 Ciermont, 12; Edinburgh, 11; Havre, 10; Angouleme, 9: Liver- 

 pool, b' ; Metz, 5 ; St. Etienne, 5^ ; Altona, 5 ; Constantinople, 4 ; 

 Rio de Janeiro, 2. This statement only comprises the quantity of 

 water supplied by aqueducts ; those yielded by wells and other 

 means, are not easy to ascertain. London Artisan. 



ON THE MANUEACTURE OF MAPLE SUGAR IN THE NORTHERN 



UNITED STATES. 



The following is a report of a paper recently read before the Poly- 

 technic Association of New York, by Mr. S. 1). TJlman : 



The amount of maple sugar made in the United States in the year 

 1SGO was, in round numbers, 39,000,000 pounds. The product of 

 18G4, stimulated by the high price of cane sugar, was probably far in 

 excess of that of 1800, or of any foroier year. A comparative esti- 

 mate of the quantity of sap gathered, and sugar manufactured, may 

 be made from the statement lately sent to me by a very intelligent 

 member of the Shaker Community, at Canterbury, N. H. This 

 Society have three maple groves; in one, 1,150 trees were tapped on 

 the 1st of March last, a few hundred of the holes were reamed out on 

 the 1st of April, and on the 16th of April the spiles were all with- 

 drawn. The whole quantity of sap gathered from these trees was 618 

 barrels. The other two groves contain about 600 tapped trees each, 

 t making the whole number 2,350. The amount of sugar made from 

 618 barrels, or 19,776 gallons of sap, is 4,000 pounds; about one 

 pound for five gallons of molasses is made generally from the sap of 

 the latest run, which is so changed in its character that it will not 

 properly granulate. In one camp the sap is boiled in a series of 

 cast-iron pans, all connected at the bottom by a pipe. Thus the 

 sweeter part of the sap runs out at the bottom, as fist as the fresh 

 sap is allowed to run in. The process is completed in another pan. 

 In one camp the cast-iron pans have been taken out and copper 

 pans substituted ; four of them are eight feet long and two feet 

 wide, and six or eight inches deep. The sirup pan into which 

 the sweeter liquid from the other pans flows, is four feet long, two 

 feet wide and eight inches deep. These pans are above and at the 

 side of each other, so that the sap from the bottom of the iir.st pan 

 runs into the top of the second, and so on through the series, the 

 whole being governed by faucets. In this series about two barrels of 

 sap can bo boiled down per hour. 



