CHEMICAL SCIENCE. 231 



are most injurious of all. To be safo, a cigar ought to be cast aside 

 as soou as it is hall' smoked ; and every cigar ought to be smoked 

 from a porous tube. Cigars, indeed, are more injurious than any 

 form of pipe; and the best pipe is unquestionably what is commonly 

 called a " churchwarden," or "long clay." After the clay pipe, the 

 meerschaum is next wholesome. A pipe with a meerschaum bowl, 

 an amber mouth-piece, and a clay stem easily removable or change- 

 able for a luilf-penny, would be the beau ideal of a healthy pipe. 

 All attempts to construct pipes so as to condense the oil have 

 failed. To be effective they must be very large and inconvenient. 

 It is of no slight importance, if a man must smoke, for him to be 

 careful of the manner in which it is done. A man may, by prac- 

 tice, become habituated to a short foul pipe, but he never fails to suf- 

 fer from his success in the end, nor, unless the habit of actual stupe- 

 faction be acquired, is any pleasurable advantage derived. What may 

 be called the soothing influence of tobacco is as well brought about 

 by a clean porous pipe, or well-made cigarette, as by any more violent 

 and dangerous system, while the harm that is inflicted is of an evan- 

 escent character. 



Physiological Effects of Tobacco. Dr. Richardson next gave his 

 views respecting the physiological action of tobacco, as follows : In 

 an adult man, who is tolerant of tobacco, moderate smoking, say to 

 the extent of three clean pipes of the milder forms of pure tobacco in 

 the twenty-four hours, docs no great harm. It somewhat stops waste 

 and soothes, but there are times when it unsettles the digestion. To 

 an immoderate degree, say to six or eight pipes a day especially if 

 strong tobacco and line pipes be used smoking unquestionably is 

 very injurious to the animal functions. On the heart, the symptoms 

 are very marked. They consist of palpitation ; a sensation as though 

 the heart were rising upward ; a feeling of breathlessness, and, in bad 

 cases, of severe pain through the chest, and extending through the 

 upper limbs. The action of the heart is intermittent, and faintness 

 may be experienced. Extreme smoking is also very injurious to the 

 organs of sense. In all inveterate, constant smokers, the pupils of the 

 eye are dilated, owing to the absorption of nicotine, and the vision is 

 impaired by strong light ; but the symptom which most of all affects 

 the vision, is the retention of images on the retina after the eye is 

 withdrawn from them. Long smoking also affects the mucuous mem- 

 brane of the mouth, causing over-secretion from the glands, and a 

 peculiar soreness of the throat, with enlargement of the tonsils, first 

 well described by Dr. Gibb, and since named by myself, "smoker's 

 sore-throat. 1 ' In some persons this irritation extends into the larynx 

 and bronchial tube, and the free carbon of the smoke is deposited 

 there, giving a dark, almost jet color to the secretion. The worst 

 eifects of moderate smoking were, he said, to be found in growing 

 youths, upon whom tobacco was most deleterious and injurious. 



It had been urged that smoking produced cancer, and consumption. 

 Now, in regard to consumption, there had come under his notice 

 cases to the total number of 361. Out of this total there were 225 

 persons who did not smoke, and 136 persons who did smoke or who 

 had smoked. Thus out of 361 consumptive persons, those who did 

 not smoke showed an excess of 89. Out of the total of 361, there 



