GEOLOGY. 309 



The manner in -which the coal raised in England alone, during the year 

 1853, was disposed of, is estimated as follows: 



For household purposes, about 19,000,000 Tons 



For iron-works 13,000,000 



For steam, gas, and coking coal 9,000,000 



Export 4,000,000=45,000,000 



The value of all the raw material produced from the British mines during 

 the year 1853 is given as follows : 



Coal, at the pit's mouth 11,000,000 



Iron 10,000,000 



Copper 1,500,000 



Lead 1,000,000 



Tin 400,000 



Silver 210,000 



Zinc 10,000 



Salt and other minerals 400,000=21,520,000 



In this estimate neither clays, lime, or the produce of stone-quarries, are 

 included, which will augment the sum given above to at least 30,000,000, 

 and when the cost of labor employed in converting this mass of matter into 

 articles of utility or objects of ornament is added, it will be swelled a hundred- 

 fold. 



MIXERAL WEALTH OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT. 



The immense wealth and the vast importance of the Lake Superior iron 

 and copper region, is every day becoming more apparent to intelligent, dis- 

 cerning men. N"ew discoveries of copper deposits, and new developments of 

 the wonderful mineral wealth of this region, are constantly being made. Al- 

 most every mail from Lake Superior brings us additional intelligence calcu- 

 lated to increase and strengthen the public confidence in the vast resources of 

 the copper regions. In 1854 a mass of pure native copper was found in one 

 of the mines, of a weight of not less than 212 tons, and during the past season 

 the discovery of another mass, weighing 250 tons, and worth in market 

 $175,000, has been chronicled. These, of course, are not every day discov- 

 eries, but they will serve to give some idea of the inexhaustible extent of the 

 copper deposits of the Lake Superior mineral region. In 1853 the produce of 

 the copper mines of Lake Superior was estimated at 2,890 tons, and those of 

 the iron mines to over 810 tons of blooms and 405 tons of ore. The capital 

 invested in thirty-four copper-mines which have lived through or have been 

 established since the era of wild speculation, amounts to $2.120,000, and 

 represents a market value constantly increasing of $7.033,500. The best 

 authorities estimate the production of copper for the last season, putting it at 

 the lowest mark, at 3,600 tons. Though these statistics leave out of view the 

 heavy losses incurred in opening mines which have proved worthless losses 

 of which we have no exact statements, but which we presume would show 



