290 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



to be worked out ; and ethnic psychology was still a desideratum. The 

 author then reviewed what had been done by anatomists and ethnolo- 

 gists, and pointed out that the lower savage races, such as the Sandwich 

 islanders, made progress in the early part of their education, and were 

 so far as apt and quick as the children of civilized Europeans ; but at 

 this point they stopped, and seemed incapable of acquiring the higher 

 branches of knowledge. The Sandwich islanders have excellent mem- 

 ories, and learn by rote with wonderful rapidity, but will not exercise 

 the thinking faculties ; they receive simple ideas, but not complex ones. 

 In like manner, it was found practically that negro children could not 

 be educated with white children. In all these cases, as well as in the 

 minor ones continually occurring amongst ourselves, of inability to un- 

 derstand subjects and reasonings of a certain order, the true explana- 

 tion is that the cognate faculties have not reached a complexity equal 

 to the complexity of the relations to be perceived ; as moreover it is 

 not only so with purely intellectual cognitions, but it is the same with 

 moral cognitions. In the Australian language there are no words an- 

 swering to justice, sin, guilt. Amongst many of the lower races of 

 man, acts of generosity or mercy are utterly incomprehensible; that is 

 to say, the most complex relations of human action in its social bear- 

 ings are not cognizable. This the author thought was in accordance 

 with what a priori might have been expected to have resulted from 

 organic differences in the instruments of the higher psychical activities 

 or, in other words, in the nervous apparatus of perceptive a*hd intel- 

 lectual consciousness. The leading characters of the various races of 

 mankind were simply representatives of particular stages in the devel- 

 opment of the highest Caucasian type. The negro exhibits permanent- 

 ly the imperfect brow, projecting lower jaw, and slender bent limbs of 

 a Caucasian child some considerable time before the period of its birth. 

 The aboriginal American represents the same child nearer birth ; the 

 Mongolian the same child newly born. 



ZOOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



Brains of Man and Animals. - - Facts developed in a paper on the 

 anatomy of the chimpanzee, read before the British Association, 1863, 

 by Dr. Emberton, strongly corroborated the position heretofore taken 

 by Prof. Huxley and other comparative anatomists, that the brain of 

 the chimpanzee differs only in degree --that is, in the smaller size 

 and extent of its parts - - from that of man ; and that, with this differ- 

 ence, essentially the same structures, without any exception, exist in 

 both brains. 



Dr. Crawford maintained in a subsequent paper that the considera- 

 tion of the material structure of the brain was of far less value than a 

 consideration of its working or living action, and that probably there 

 exist subtle differences between the brain of man and those of the 

 lower animals that anatomy has not, and probably never will, detect. 



Thus the brain of the wolf is anatomically the same as that of the 

 dog, one being an untamable glutton, the other the friend and com- 

 panion of man. The Australian savages tame the young of the wild 

 dogs, and use them in the chase, whereas the young of the wolf are 

 not capable of complete or useful domestication. Again, the hog, with 

 its low organized brain, is equal in intelligence to the most an thro- 



