220 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



appearance of the sample, although similar to the last, differs from it by the 

 granules being rather larger, and nearly separated from the scoria, which 

 forms a layer at the top and bottom of the mass. These granules are also 

 much more malleable, for they are easily flattened under the hammer. This 

 last fact is easily accounted for by the small amount of carbon which it con- 

 tains, as stated above and shown by these results : 



First Analysis. Second Analysis. Mean. 



Carbon, 1-000 0927 0-963 



Silicium, 0160 0-167 0163 



Eighth Sample, taken out at Ih 50m p. M. 



This last sample was taken a few minutes before the balls were ready to 

 be removed from the furnace, to be placed under the hammer, and was a 

 part of one of the balls, which were separated and placed to cool. It was 

 observed that no blue flame issued from the mass as it cooled. The appear- 

 ance of the sample showed that the mass constituting the ball was still 

 spongy, and granulated similar to the previous ones. The only difference 

 was, that the granules adhered together sufficiently to require a certain 

 amount of force to separate one from the other, and also that they were 

 much more malleable under the hammer. They were found to contain the 

 following quantities of carbon and silicium per cent. : 



First Analysis. Second Analysis. Mean. 



Carbon, 0-771 0773 0-772 



Silicium, 0'170 0-167 0168 



We should observe here, that the black coating which covers the granules 

 of iron, even of No. 8 sample, preserves the iron from all oxidation; for 

 none of the samples became oxidized during the nine months they Avere in 

 the laboratory, exposed to the atmosphere, and to the various acid fumes 

 floating about. This black coating is probably composed of a saline oxide 

 of iron. 



Ninth Sample. Puddled Bar. 



The balls taken out of the furnace were hammered, and then rolled into 

 bars, and in these we found the following : 



First Analysis. Second Analysis. Mean. 



Carbon 0-291 0-301 0-296 



Silicium, 0-130 O'llO 0120 



Sulphur, 0-142 0-126 0-134 



Phosphorus, 0-139 0-139 



Tenth Sample. Wire Iron. 



The puddled bars were cut into billets of about four feet in length, and 

 heated in a furnace to a white heat, and then rolled into wire iron. The 

 proportion of carbon, silicium, sulphur, and phosphorus, were as follows : 



First Analysis. Second Analysis. Mean. 



Carbon. 0-100 0-]22 0111 



Silicium, 0-095 0-082 0088 



Sulphur 0093 0096 0-094 



Phosphorus, 0-117 0-117 



To complete the series of products in the conversion of pig iron into 



