320 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



well yet constructed that flows above the surface ; for, although the Crenelle 

 well at Paris delivers 000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, it has, at the bot- 

 tom, an area six times as great as the Louisville well, and a few hundred 

 feet up seven times as great. A corresponding diameter to the Louisville 

 well would, according to just and reasonable calculations, furnish about 

 2,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours; also, the elevation of water above 

 the surface is greater than that of any other artesian well, and it is only 

 exceeded in depth by the St. Louis well, and that to an extent of 113 feet. 



The water comes out with considerable force from the 5-inch opening, 

 and a heavy body thrown into the mouth of the well is rejected almost as 

 readily as a piece of pine wood. By an approximate calculation, its me- 

 chanical force is equal to that of a steam-engine with cylinder 10 by 18 

 inches, under 50 Ibs. pressure, with a speed of 55 revolutions per minute a 

 force rated at about 10-horse power. The top of the well is now closed, and 

 the water conducted about 30 feet to a basin, with a large jet d'eau on the 

 centre, from which there is a central jet of water, 40 feet in height, with a 

 large water-pipe, from which the water passes in the form of a sheaf. When 

 the whole force of water is allowed to expend itself on the central jet, it is 

 projected to the height of from 90 to 100 feet, settling down to a steady flow 

 of a stream 60 feet high. 



Temperature of the Water. The water, as it flows from the top of the 

 well, has a constant temperature of 76j Fah., and is not affected either by 

 the heat of summer or the cold of winter. The temperature at the bottom 

 of the well is several degrees higher than this, as ascertained by sinking a 

 AValferdin's registering thermometer to the bottom, which indicated 82 

 Fah. Taking as correct data that the point of constant temperature below 

 the surface of Louisville is the same as at Paris, namely, 53 Fah., at 90 feet 

 below the surface, we have an increase of 1 for ever} 7 67 feet below that 

 point. The increase in Paris is 1 for every 61 '2 feet. The temperature of 

 the water is sufficient for comfortable bathing during most of the year. 



Nature of the Water. The water is perfectly limpid, with a temperature, 

 as already stated, of 76?, which is invariable all the year round. Its 

 specific gravity is 1*0113. The solid contents left on evaporating one wine 

 gallon to dryness are 915i grains, consisting of chloride of sodium, 621*5 

 grains; sulphate of magnesia, 77.3; sulphate of soda, 72"2; chloride of cal- 

 cium, 65*7; sulphate of lime, 29*4; bicarbonates of soda, lime, magnesia, 

 and iron, 11*0; phosphate of stda, 1*5; iodide and bromide of magnesium, 

 0'9; chloride of lithium, 0*1, etc. etc. 



Artesian Well at Columbus Ohio. The artesian well at the State House in 

 Columbus, Ohio, according to a report by Prof. Mather, had reached a depth 

 of 1858 feet in December 18-58, and has since, we understand, been excavated 

 several hundred feet farther, making it the deepest well in existence. For the 

 first 23 feet, the material passed through was sand, clay and gravel ; then 

 15 of slate, and 14 of Columbus limestone, referred to the Devonian; 115]- 

 feet Columbus limestone, probably Upper Silurian ; below this, 277 feet, the 

 blue limestone of Cincinnati; then, 187 feet (or to a depth of 764), limestone 

 shales, M'ith saltwater, at 675 feet; then 823 feet of greenish marly slate, 

 probably equivalent to the TJ tica slates of New York. Prof. Mather observes 

 that " if the Cincinnati or blue limestone be the equivalent of the Trenton 

 limestone, Utica slates, and Hudson River group, there must be a great 

 depth of mud rock in Ohio, of which no traces exist in New York, Penn- 

 sylvania, or other states," adjacent. 



