o 



20 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



left much boulder-earth in various places. Secondly, To this succeeded a 

 period of submergence, when the sea gradually advanced until almost the 

 whole country was covered. This was the time of the marine drift with 

 floating ice. The beds with arctic shells belonged to it, and some of the 

 brick-clays are probably but the fine mud of the deeper parts of the same 

 sea-bottom. Thirdly, The land emerged from the water, during which 

 emergence the preceding drift-beds suffered much denudation, giving rise to 

 the extensive superficial accumulations of water-rolled gravel that now over- 

 spread much of the surface. This movement continued until the land 

 obtained a higher position than it now has, and became connected with the 

 continent of Europe. Its various islands were probably also more or less 

 in conjunction. The present assemblage of animals and plants gradually 

 migrated hither from adjoining lands. Glaciers may have still been formed 

 in favorable places, but probably never regained the former extension. 

 Fourthly, The land sank again until the sea in most places reached a height 

 of from thirty to forty feet above the present tide-mark. Patches of forest 

 ground were submerged along the coast. Fifthly, An elevation at length 

 took place, by which the land attained its present level. As Mr. Smith has 

 shown, this probably occurred before the Roman invasion; but that man 

 had previously got into the country, appears from the fact that the elevated 

 beds of silt near Glasgow contained overturned and swamped canoes with 

 stone implements. 



INTERESTING FOSSILS FROM GREECE. 



During the past year M- Gaudry, a French geologist, has been engaged in 

 exploring some deposits of reddish earth at Pakermi, in the district of 

 Attica, Greece, which were known to be rich in the remains of extinct mam- 

 malia. These deposits have been formed by erosion of the rocks of Pen- 

 tclicus ; toward the summit of the mountain they are thin, but increase in 

 thickness the nearer they approach to the plains, and they extend to the 

 margin of the sea, covering a very large area. 



Among the objects already brought to light by these explorations are 

 seventeen skulls of monkeys, with the jaws and teeth in many instances 

 still perfect; the head of a gigantic specimen of the swine species; four 

 complete skeletons of the rhinoceros, the skull of a pachydennous animal 

 larger than the rhinoceros, the jaws being remarkable for possessing six- 

 teen large molar teeth; the head of a Mastodon, with the incipient germs 

 of the molars and tusks; a skeleton, nearly perfect, of the Dinotherium, 

 the most gigantic of known fossil animals, its tibia measuring a fifth 

 more in length than that of the Ohio Mastodon ; the principal bones of a 

 huge fowl of the gallinaceous order; and, finally, the skeleton of two kinds 

 of giraffes, one similar to the living species, the other less slender, together 

 with bones of antelopes, turtles, and many other animals. Of these fossils, 

 forty-one cases are already in the hands of geologists in Paris. 



SOME GENERAL VIEWS ON ARCHAEOLOGY. BY A. MORLOT. 



The following article, derived from SiUiman's Journal, is an introduction 

 to a paper entitled Gcologico-Archaiological Studies in Denmark and Swit- 

 zerland, appearing in the Bulletin de la Socie'te Vandoise des Sciences Naturdles, 

 for 18-39. 



