316 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



This animal, to which the name Enge-ena has been applied, is by 

 far the largest of all the African Quadrumana. The dimensions of 

 the crania, compared with that of the chimpanzee, and a well-marked 

 negro head, will be seen from the following measurements taken by 

 Dr. Wyman: 



Greatest length of the head of the enge-ena, 11.4; of the chimpan- 

 zee, 8.0 ; of the negro, 9.6. 



Greatest breadth across the post-auditory ridges of the enge-ena, 

 6.10; of the chimpanzee, 5.0; of the negro, 5.4. 



Greatest diameter of the face across the zygomatic arches of the 

 enge-ena, 7.0; of the chimpanzee, 5.0; of the negro, 5.7. 



While the proportions of the humerus and the ulna are more near- 

 ly human in the enge-ena than in the chimpanzee, those of the hu- 

 merus and the femur recede much farther from the human proportions 

 than they do in the chimpanzee, as will be seen by the following meas- 

 urements : 



Humerus of man, 15.0; of chimpanzee, 10.9; of enge-ena, 17.0; 

 femur of man, 18.5; of chimpanzee, 11.0; of enge-ena, 14.0. 



Thus in man the femur is three inches longer than the humerus; in 

 the chimpanzee, these bones are nearly of the same length; and in the 

 enge-ena the humerus is three inches longer than the femur, indi- 

 cating, on the part of the enge-ena, a less perfect adaptation to locomo- 

 tion, in the erect position, than in the chimpanzee. 



Prof. Owen, from an examination of the bones of the enge-ena in his 

 possession, considers that it approached nearer to man than the chim- 

 panzee, and is induced to regard it as " the most anthropoid of the 

 known brutes." Dr. Wyman, however, after a careful investigation 

 of a great number of crania, and other portions of the skeleton which 

 have not been inspected by Prof. Owen, has arrived at an opposite 

 conclusion, and thinks that, after placing side by side the different 

 anatomical peculiarities of the t\vo species, there is no alternative but 

 to regard the chimpanzee as holding the highest place in the brute 

 creation. 



With the knowledge of the anthropoid animals of Asia and Africa 

 which now exists, derived from the critical examinations, by various 

 observers, of their osteology, their dentition, and the comparative size 

 of their brains, it becomes quite easy to measure, with an approxima- 

 tion to accuracy, the hiatus which separates them from the lowest of 

 the human race. The existence of four hands, instead of two, the in- 

 ability to stand erect, consequent on the structure of a skeleton adapt- 

 ed almost exclusively to an arboreal life, the excessive length of the 

 arms, the comparatively short and permanently flexed legs, the pro- 

 truding face, the position of the occipital condyles in the posterior 

 third of the base of the skull, and the consequent preponderance of 

 the head forwards, the largely developed canine teeth, the laryngeal 

 pouches, the elongated pelvis, the long and straight spinous processes of 

 the neek, these, and many other subordinate characters, are peculiar- 

 ities of the anthropoid animals, and constitute a wide gap between 

 them and the most degraded of the human races, so wide that the 

 greatest difference between the latter and the noblest specimen of a Cau- 



