ullrich] NATURE-STUDY IN WISCONSIN 103 



law a state board of industrial education consisting of six appoin- 

 tive and three exofficio members shall have general charge of 

 these schools; an assistant for industrial education appointed 

 by the state superintendent shall have, with the advice, consent 

 and direction of the state superintendent, general supervision; 

 every town, village or city of over five thousand may have a 

 local board of industrial education whose duty it shall be to 

 foster and establish and maintain industrial, commercial, and 

 evening schools; this local board shall consist of the city super- 

 intendent of schools, exofficio, or the principal of the high school, 

 exofficio, or the chairman of the local board charged with the 

 supervision of the already established schools (the high school 

 principal shall be a member, if there is no city superintendent, 

 and the chairman shall be a member, if there is neither city su- 

 perintendent nor high school principal), and four other members, 

 two employers and two employees, who shall be appointed by 

 the local school board charged with the already established schools ; 

 the courses of study in these schools shall include English, citi- 

 zenship, sanitation, and the use of safety devices and such other 

 branches as the state superintendent and the state board of in- 

 dustrial education shall approve; the schools established shall 

 be open to all residents of the towns, villages, and cities in which 

 such schools are located; all children between the ages of eleven 

 and fourteen not attending other schools shall be required to 

 attend; further, all children between the ages of fourteen and six- 

 teen, not regularly or lawfully employed in any useful employ- 

 ment or service at home or elswhere, shall attend these schools. 

 This last section does not apply to any child who has completed 

 the course of study for the common schools, or the first eight 

 grades as taught in the state graded or other graded schools 

 of Wisconsin and who can furnish proper diploma. In addition 

 to this there are few other but minor exemptions from attend- 

 ance at either the common or vocational schools. 



These extracts from the school law of Wisconsin, which are taken 

 almost verbatim, show the close relationship between the industrial, 

 commercial, continuation, and evening schools, and the common 

 schools of the state. From one point of view there is a dual 

 system of education in the state while from another, since the 

 chief administrative officer is appointed by the state superin- 

 tendent, and the local board consists of the chief executive of the 



