shufeldt] HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS 301 



scholars attending constantly learn something from their visits 

 there. So much, then, for the value of a zoological garden to 

 society, to the community at large, and to science as a whole. 



All this being true, it becomes a matter of the greatest impor- 

 tance as to how we should treat the various kinds of animals in 

 a zoological garden — be its size what it may. It is to be presumed 

 that the manager of such a place not only fully comprehends what 

 his position calls for in the way of the proper keeping of its den- 

 izens — in the broadest sense as well as in detail ; but it is likewise 

 to be taken for granted that, in his care of the animals, and in the 

 orders he issues to his subordinates, he does all in his power to 

 have each and every animal in the garden and under his care as 

 comfortable and contented as possible. For one reason or another 

 we occasionally meet with exceptions to this ; but in general the 

 superintendent of one of these institutions is all that he should be 

 — a man fond of animals ; in the possession of a full knowledge of 

 how to care for them in captivity, and employing this knowledge to 

 the best ends. He is generally an all-round zoologist, familiar with 

 the lives that the world's animals lead in nature, and he puts this 

 information to the best possible uses, with respect to the care of 

 those under his control in the zoological garden of which he is the 

 superintendent. 



Apart from their species or kind, animals of every description 

 fall into numerous classes, and the needs of these classes in cap- 

 tivity must be met as nearly as possible — or at least as nearly as 

 the means at our command will permit. When I say apart from 

 their species or kind, I mean that, everything else being equal, 

 such an animal as one of the small, active monkeys for example 

 require very different care and management than does a wood- 

 chuck or a badger. When in summer quarters, all of the small 

 apes and their near congeners should be kept in an immense out- 

 of-doors cage, in which should be growing several large trees, in 

 order that these animals may get, as nearly as possible, the exer- 

 cise they are accustomed to in nature. On the other hand, a bad- 

 ger or a wood chuck is quite satisfied, winter and summer, with a 

 suitably located patch of ground of no great area, and, if needs 

 must be, treeless. 



The classes referred to, then, take more particularly into con- 

 sideration animals that have been captured in their native haunts 

 and transferred to zoological gardens. They may be of two 

 classes or rather subclasses, — that is, animals brought from dif- 



