BASAL METABOLISM OF NORMAL MEN AND WOMEN. 205 



weight or body-surface we note from equations on page 170 that in the 

 72 individuals of the Gephart and Du Bois selection heat-production 

 increases 16.7 calories per 24 hours for each increase of 1 kilogram of 

 body-weight above the average. In the 64 men not included in the 

 Gephart and Du Bois selection the increase is 15.4 calories. In the 

 136 men it is 15.8 calories. For comparison we note that in the 68 

 original women the increase is 10.5 calories, in the supplementary series 

 it is 6.3 calories, and in the whole series of w r omen it is 8.2 calories. 



Turning to the change in heat-production with variation in body- 

 surface, w r e note from the variable term of the appropriate equations 

 (page 170) that the change for body-surface as measured by the height- 

 weight chart is very different from that for body-surface as measured 

 by the Meeh formula. Working, therefore, with each of the two 

 formulas separately, we find that with surface measured by the Meeh 

 formula the two groups of men show a change of 822 and 764 calories 

 for a variation of 1 square meter of body-surface, while for the 136 

 men the change is 783 calories. In the 68, 35, and 103 women the 

 values are 506, 316, and 400 calories respectively. 



When superficial area is measured by the height-weight chart the 

 change in heat-production for a variation of 1 square meter of body- 

 surface is 1026, 1101, and 1070 calories in the 72, 64, and 136 men of 

 the three groups compared, whereas in the groups of 68, 35, and 103 

 women the values are 808, 500, and 639 calories respectively. 



Turning back to the diagrams of preceding chapters showing the 

 heat-production of subgroups of men and women, we note that the 

 smoothed averages, and generally the actually observed averages as 

 well, are higher in men than in women. This is clearly shown in dia- 

 grams 13 and 17 of Chapter IV, in which the individuals are arranged 

 according to stature and according to body-weight. 



Again in diagrams 20-22 of Chapter V, showing the gross heat- 

 production and heat-production per unit of body-weight and body- 

 surface in men and women of different ages, the lines for the men are 

 consistently higher than those for the women. The same is true, 

 with few exceptions, of the empirical means. 



Now the highly important result of all these methods of comparison 

 is this: Without exception the tests based on general population 

 constants indicate higher metabolism in the man. 



3. COMPARISON OF METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN BY USE OF 



GRADUATION EQUATIONS. 



We now turn to a comparison of men and women on the basis of a 

 method which is in essence an extension and modification of the selected- 

 group method of Benedict and Emmes. 11 Instead of comparing the 



11 Benedict and Emmes, loc. cit. Magnus-Levy and Falk, loc. cit,, used essentially the se- 

 lected-group method but with wholly inadequate data. 



