46 STUDIES ON PATHOLOGIC OVA. 



mens in the nodular group also contain rudiments of the extremities, for even with 

 these present it has not always been possible to recognize the cephalic or caudal 

 extremity by inspection alone. Since the position of the extremities ordinarily 

 would suffice to make such recognition possible, it is necessary to recall in this 

 connection how pronouncedly the body-form of the nodular embryos often is 

 changed. In addition to such specimens, the nodular group contains three other 

 kinds, such as stumps of the umbilical cord, isolated yolk-sacs, and sessile nodular 

 embryos, many of which have nothing that could properly be regarded as a cord. 

 In specimens classed in the fifth group of the pathologic division the embryo 

 is destroyed almost entirely, but its head end can still be recognized. Hence it 

 is designated as cylindrical, but the use of this term does not imply that these 

 specimens are hollow, or wholly without limb-buds even. 



"In this group are often included specimens of embryonic remnants which, upon close 

 examination, prove to be the naked umbilical cord. As soon as such specimens are 

 detected they are distinguished by a second entry cord. Unfortunately, these two 

 types of specimens, although out of relation, fall together in our catalogue, but this 

 discrepancy can not be avoided without giving up our plan of retaining the first entry of 

 a specimen." 



Indeed, specimens in which the body of the embryo has been so modified as 

 to represent a rod are often indistinguishable upon inspection alone, not only from 

 remnants of the cord, but also from rolled-up decidual or from cyemic remnants 

 or polyps. 



In the next or sixth group of the pathologic division, "the embryo can easily 

 be recognized, but it is unusual in appearance, the head, extremities, or some 

 other part of the body being atrophic, and for this reason this type is termed 

 stunted. Usually all the parts are more or less degenerated. Most of these em- 

 bryos are small, but they also can be classified according to their length. The 

 histories show that these embryos are much older than normal ones of the same 

 size, indicating that an arrest of development must have taken place." In these 

 specimens the normal proportions also have changed. Moreover, since the adjec- 

 tive stunted implies a physiologic cause, it is necessary to add that in some of them 

 the stunting, no doubt, is apparent only and is the result of distortion incident to, 

 if not consequent upon, maceration. In such cases, then, the stunting is in no 

 sense the consequence of an interference with the nutritive supply of the embryo. 



Specimens of pathologic embryos and fetuses, mainly the latter, not included 

 in the above six groups, are classed in group 7. "This last group is composed 

 mainly of large specimens which are atrophied, dried up, or macerated. If the 

 tissues are soft and edematous we call the specimen macerated; if it is dried up 

 and atrophic we call it fetus compressus. In the course of time we may find that 

 these two forms should be classed separately, but for the present it appears as if 

 one is the forerunner of the other." 



Anyone who reflects upon this classification will easily recognize its short- 

 comings. These were not overlooked by Mall. In the handling of a large series 



