7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). B. Alcyonaria. 35 



Cespitularia 1, Alcyoniwm 1, Swularia 2 (1 n.), Sclerophytum 5 (1 n.), Lobo- 

 phytum 1, Nephthya 3 (2 n. and 1 n. var.), Spongodes 4 (3 n.), Stereonephthya 

 1 n., Lithophytum 1 (1 n. var.), Paraspongodes 1, Siphonogorgia 1 n., Subero- 

 gorgia 1 n. var., Wrightella 2 (1 n.), Leptogorgia 1 n., Lophogorgia 2, Telesto 2, 

 Codogorgia 2 (1 n.), Virgularia 2 (1 n.), Ptcroeides 3 (2 n.). In addition to 

 the viviparous Alcyonaria already known (Corallium rubrum described by 

 Lacaze-Duthiers, Gorgonia capensis by Hickson, "Clavulaires" and Sympodium 

 coralloides by Marion & Kowalewsky, and 3 species of Nephtkya by Koren & 

 Danielssen), Thomson & Henderson ( 3 ) record the presence of embryos in situ 

 in the following Alcyonaria from the Indian Ocean - - Sarcophytum aberrans, 

 669 fms.; Chrysogorgia flexilis 440-669 fms.; Ceratoisis gracilis 270-450 fms. ; 

 Paramuricea indica 265 fms. ; Distichoptilum gracile 360 fms. ; Umbellula elon- 

 gata 360 fms. ; Funiculina gracilis 406 fms. ; Pennatula indica 463, 487 and 

 824 fms., Isis hippuris. Embryos were also found in Gorgonia capensis from 

 Ceylon, in Clavularia pregnans from Zanzibar and in parvula from the Cape 

 Verde Islands. Most of the embryos are gastrulse or somewhat later stages, 

 the largest being 0.6 mm. in diameter. 



Versluys( 1 ) gives a systematic account of the Primnoidse and describes 

 from the Siboga Expedition 26 sp., of which 17 are new, and from the col- 

 lection of the K. Zool. Ges. in Amsterdam 4 sp. of which 2 are new. The 

 new species are Plumarella 1, Thouarella 2, Caligorgia 8, Stachyodes 6 (and 

 also 1 n. nom. pro S. regularis Wr. & Studer, nee. Duch. & Mich.), Calyptro- 

 phora 2. In Calig. and T. there are single abnormally large polyps (as previously 

 described in Chrysogorgia) inhabited by a Copepod allied to Lamippe. In PL 

 penna many of the polyps were swollen to double the normal size owing to 

 the large size of the ripening testes. The author describes the primitive form 

 of the sclerites and their disposition in the polyps of different genera, the 

 system of branching of the colony and the arrangement of the polyps and 

 concludes that in the ancestral form the branches of the colony were in 

 one plane and either opposite or alternating and the polyps two or more in 

 each node, the cortex contained a closed superficial layer of imbricating scales, 

 this covering being continued on to the polyps but the more deeply-lying irre- 

 gular sclerites of the cortex were not present in the polyp and there was no 

 operculum. Primnoides sertularoides is very similar to this ancestral form 

 except in the mode of branching. From the ancestral form arose two main 

 branches, one leading to the genus Pri. and the other through a hypothetical 

 genus (Proprimnoa) to all the other known genera. Elongation of the cortex is 

 brought about by intercalary growth, typical apical growth does not take place. 



Hickson ( 1 ) constitutes a new family Malacogorgiidse for Malacogorgia n. 

 capensis n., the characters of which are colony branched, upright; axis 

 slender, horny ; no spicules in any part of the colony ; polyps arranged bilater- 

 ally in the plane of branching on the basal two-thirds of the secondary branches 

 and on all sides of the terminal third of these branches. He also records and 

 describes Alcyonium 1 n., Anthomastus 1, Melitodes 1, Wrightella 1, Tricho- 

 gorgia n. 1 n., Ceratoisis 1 n., Acanthogorgia 1, Gorgonia 3 (1 n.), Juncella 1 n., 

 Anthoptilum 1. 



Studer states that in Ccelogorgia and Telesto the colony consists of two kinds 

 of individuals. There are axial polyps, long and cylindrical, which have 

 thick walls composed of an ectoderm, an endoderm, a mesogloja with spicules 

 and a cornified substance. The mesoglcea is traversed by a system of canals 

 communicating on one side with the ccelentera of the axial polyps and on the 

 other with the short coelentera of the lateral polyps. The central cavity of 



