INTRODUCTION. 



between those of the parents. We have repeatedly stated 

 that as the outcome of growth localization, intercellular 

 spaces of a hybrid are modified in size and shape as are 

 the cells which surround them. Now this clearly demon- 

 strates that the living protoplasm which has formed the 

 cells is so organized in its molecular or micellar consti- 

 tution that in every cell and over every iufiuitesimally 

 minute area on its surface where cellulose is to be laid 

 down the balanced effect of both parents is felt. 



" Equally in the laying down of secondary wall thick- 

 enings, whether of a cuticularized, lignified, or colloid 

 nature, numerous citations have been made where the 

 amount and mode of deposition is evenly between the 

 extremes of the parents. Perhaps the most striking case 

 is that of the bundle-sheath cells of Philageria and its 

 parents, where usually five lignified lamellae are traceable 

 in each cell of Lapageria, eleven or twelve in Philesia, 

 and eight or nine in Philageria. 



" In summarizing as to protoplasm and its modifica- 

 tions as plastids, where considerable differences can be 

 traced in the plastids of two parents the hybrid gives 

 excellent results. Only in a few parent plants have these 

 differences been sufficiently marked to allow of compari- 

 son with the hybrid. The leucoplasts in the epidermal 

 cells of the parents of Dianthus lindsayi are very differ- 

 ent in size, while most of the leucoplasts in the hybrid 

 are exactly intermediate, but from careful measurement 

 of lantern projection images of these it has been found 

 that some very nearly resemble those of the female parent. 

 The chromoplasts of the petal cells in Geum intermedium 

 and of the sepal cells in Masdevallia chelsoni are addi- 

 tional illustrations. Those of the former are very varia- 

 ble in size and number, but this is probably to be ex- 

 plained from its inheriting half of its hereditary features 

 from Geum rivale, which is equally variable as a species. 

 Leaves of corresponding age and position from Saxifraga 

 andrewsii and its parents have furnished chloroplasts 

 of small size and dark green color in one parent, of large 

 size and soft emerald green color in the other, and an 

 intermediate type in the hybrid, though some diverge 

 towards the " Geum " parent in having large chloroplasts. 



" But the average size, shape, and lamellar deposition 

 in starches of Hedychium hybrids are perhaps the most 

 interesting cases adduced. When we remember that 

 these are bodies formed temporarily as reserve food, and 

 that they are built up by addition of successive micellae 

 through the agency of minute protoplasmic masses or 

 leucoplasts, we have a direct proof that these leucoplasts 

 are themselves fundamentally modified. Their activity 

 in the cells of the hybrid is evinced by the building up of 

 starch grains which, though only of temporary duration 

 in the history of the plant, are so accurately constructed 

 as to be an exact combination in appearance of a half 

 corpuscle of each parent. 



" Finally, we may recall the facts advanced as to 

 color, floivering period, chemical combinations, and 

 growth vigor, which, though scanty and fragmentary in 

 their nature, all point to the conclusion that hybrids 

 are intermediate between their parents in general life 

 phenomena." 



In reviewing this summary one is struck by the rec- 

 ords of universality of intermediateness by blended or 

 exclusive inheritance of every property. In not a single 



instance is any character developed in either direction be- 

 yond the extremes of development of the corresponding 

 character of the parents. However, these conclusions 

 are doubtless to be taken as being general or broad rather 

 than as dogmatic, inasmuch as here and there in the text 

 of the memoir there are records of departures beyond 

 parental extremes, as in Philageria veitchii, in connec- 

 tion with which it is stated it is generally to be noticed 

 that both upper and lower epidermal cells of the hybrid 

 are equal to, if not larger than, the largest of either 

 parent. "Those of the one parent (Lapageria rosea) 

 are on an average larger than those of the other parent 

 (Philesia folia), while in the hybrid they may be larger 

 than in either " ; also, in the hybrid Bryanthus erectus, 

 in which " the power of conglomerate crystal formation 

 is not only inherited from the male parent (Menziesia 

 empetriformis var.) but also appears on a more exag- 

 gerated scale, there being at least 50 per cent more crys- 

 tals in a given area of the hybrid pit than in the 

 parent " ; and also, as is quite common, in the greater 

 luxuriance of growth of the hybrid than of the parents, 

 as instanced in Philageria veitchii, Geum intermedium, 

 Bryanthus erectus, etc., which peculiarity is attributed 

 by Macfarlane to an increase in the size rather than in- 

 creased multiplication of the cells of the hybrid over the 

 parents; but in either case it is obvious that there is 

 higher development of the hybrid in relation to the 

 parents ; moreover, even where intermediateness has been 

 recorded, it has been recognized in some instances that 

 the characters of the hybrid " very nearly resemble those 

 of female parent," etc. In support of Macfarlane, Davis 

 (American Naturalist, 1911, XLV, 193; 1912, XLVI, 377), 

 in studies of the offspring of different species of Oeno- 

 thera, found that in gross morphological characters the 

 hybrids are intermediate between the parents, and he has 

 since recorded that in histological characters they exhibit 

 the same peculiarity. Holden (Science, 1913, xxxvm, 

 932) states that spontaneous hybrids that are recognized 

 as varietal modifications of species can often be diagnosed 

 by their internal anatomy, both vegetative and reproduc- 

 tive, referring particularly to the intermediate histologi- 

 cal characters of the tissues and to abortive pollen. A 

 number of references are given by Holden to the results 

 of the investigations of Betula and Equisetum, instanc- 

 ing in the hybrid transitional features between the 

 parents in internal and external anatomy associated with 

 abortive spores of hybrids. Eeference might be made, 

 did space permit or were it necessary, to various other 

 articles which also are in support of the conception that 

 hybrids are in morphological and anatomical characters, 

 distinguished by " intermediateness." 



INTEEMEDIATENESS OF THE STARCHES OF HYBRIDS. 



Macfarlane (loc. cit.) made notes of the starches of 

 Eibes culverwellii and its parents, of Bryanthus erectus 

 and its parents, and of Hedychium hybrids and their 

 parents. He records that in Ribes grossularia (parent) 

 the largest grains are 7/t and the average 4/u ; in E. nig- 



