98 



HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 



per nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride; the 

 high reactions with polarization, iodine, chloral hydrate, 

 and barium chloride; and the moderate reactions with 

 gentian violet, safrauin, and temperature. 



(5) In the hybrid the very high reactions with 

 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 

 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 

 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, 

 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 

 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 

 cobalt nitrate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium 

 chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the high reactions with 

 temperature and chloral hydrate; and the moderate 

 reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian violet, and 

 safranin. 



Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 



28. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF LILIUM 

 CHALCEDONICUM, L. CANDIDUM, AND L. TESTACEUM. 



In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 

 reactions with selenite and qualitative reactions with 

 iodine and with various chemical reagents all three 

 starches possess properties in common in various de- 

 grees of development, the sum of which in each case is 

 characteristic of the starch. The starch of Lilium can- 

 didum in comparison with that of L. chalcedonicum con- 

 tains a larger proportion of grains that are regular in 

 form, and there is a more marked tendency for the 

 proximal end to be narrower than the distal end of the 

 grain. The hilum is more often fissured and the eccen- 

 tricity is less. The lamella? are more distinct; broad, 

 refractive lamella? are more numerous ; and there is often 

 present a band of three or four broad lamella? in the 

 distal third of the grain; and the number is somewhat 

 less. The sizes of corresponding types of grains are less. 

 In the polariscopic, selenite, and qualitative iodine reac- 

 tions there are numerous differences. In the qualitative 

 reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, potassium 

 hydroxde, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chloride various 

 differences are recorded, several of which are quite dis- 

 tinctive of one or the other parent. The starch of the 

 hybrid in comparison with the starches of the parents is 

 less regular in form than in either parent, and there is 

 a kind of irregularity that is peculiar to the hybrid ; 

 and the grains tend to be less pointed at the proximal 

 end than in L. chalcedonicum, but somewhat more 

 pointed than in L. candidum. The hilum is in charac- 

 ter closer to that of L. chalcedonicum, but in degree of 

 eccentricity closer to that of L. candidum. The lamellae 

 are less distinct, less numerous, and finer than in either 

 parent. The sizes of corresponding types of grains are 

 closer to those of L. candidum and on the whole smaller 

 than in the other parent. In the qualitative chemical 

 reactions the hybrid leans to L. chalcedonicum, which 

 reactions may be modified through the influence of the 

 other parent. 



Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 

 ture Reactions. 

 Polarization : 



L. chalcedonicum, low to high, value 60. 



L. candidum, low to high, higher than in L. chalcedonicum, value 65. 

 L. testaceum, low to high, the same as in L. chalcedonicum 

 value 60. 



Iodine: 



L. chalcedonicum, moderate, value 55. 



L. candidum, moderate, deeper than in L. chalcedonicum, value 65. 

 L. testaceum, moderate, less than in either parent, value 50. 

 Gentian violet: 



L. chalcedonicum, moderate, value 60. 



L. candidum, moderate to very deep, much deeper than in L. chal- 

 cedonicum, value 80. 

 L. testaceum, moderate to very deep, the same as in L. candidum, 



value 80. 

 Safranin: 



L. chalcedonicum, moderate, value 65. 



L. candidum, moderate to very deep, much deeper than in L. chal- 

 cedonicum, value 80. 

 L. testaceum, moderate to very deep, the same as in L. candidum, 



value 80. 

 Temperature: 



L. chalcedonicum, in majority at 59.2 to 61, in all at 63 to 64, 



mean 63.5. 



L. candidum, in majority at 57 to 58.7, in all at 60 to 62, mean 61. 

 L. testaceum, in majority at 61.2 to 63, in all at 63.5 to 67", 

 mean 65.25. 



The reactivity of L. chalcedonicum is lower than 

 that of the other parent in all five reactions. The reac- 

 tivity of the hybrid is the same or practically the same 

 as that of L. chalcedonicum in the polarization reaction; 

 the same or practically the same as that of the other 

 parent in the gentian-violet and safranin reactions ; and 

 the lowest of the three in the iodine and temperature 

 reactions. The hybrid in the polarization, iodine, and 

 temperature reactions is closer to L. chalcedonicum than 

 to the other parent, but in the gentian-violet and safranin 

 reactions the reverse. 



Table A 28 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 

 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals (sec- 

 onds and minutes). 



VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 



This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 

 the starches of Lilium chalcedonicum, L. candidum, and 

 L. testaceum, showing the quantitative differences in the 

 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 

 vals. (Charts D 367 to D 372.) 



These starches react for the most part with such 

 rapidity that but few data are of a character satisfactory 

 for chart formation. However, even among the most 

 rapid reacting reagents more or less marked differences 

 are sometimes noted, as, for instance, in the reactions 

 with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 

 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 

 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium 

 sulphide. Excepting those with hydrochloric acid and 

 potassium hydroxide, there are varying degrees of lower 

 reactivity of L. candidum than of the other parent and the 

 hybrid. In other reactions that are less rapid, in which 

 approximately corresponding percentages of gelatiniza- 

 tion occur in about 3 minutes (as in the reactions with 

 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cop- 

 per nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride), with 

 uranium nitrate and strontium nitrate the reactivity of 

 L. candidum is at the end of the first minute distinctly 

 the lowest of the three ; with calcium nitrate, cupric 

 chloride, and mercuric chloride about the same as L. can- 

 didum and distinctly lower than in L. chalcedonicum; 

 and with copper nitrate all three are alike. In all six 

 charts the curves are from close to very close together. 

 In all of the reactions the curves of L. chalcedonicum 

 are higher than those of the other parent, the separation 

 being well marked in all, especially with chloral hydrate 

 and pyrogallic acid, which are distinctly the less rapid 

 of the six. The hybrid is nearly the same as that of 

 L. chalcedonicum in the reactions with chromic acid, 

 sodium salicylate, and barium chloride ; nearly the same 

 as that of L. candidum with cobalt nitrate ; distinctly in- 

 termediate with pyrogallic acid; and the highest of the 



