GLADIOLUS. 



115 



termediate in the polarization, gentian-violet, and temp- 

 erature reactions; lowest in the iodine reaction; and the 

 same as that of G. cardinalis but higher than that of 

 G. Irisfis in the safranin reaction. The hybrid is on the 

 whole distinctly closer to G. cardinalis than to G. tristis. 

 Table A 34 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 

 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 

 (minutes). 



VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 



This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 

 the starches of Gladiolus cardinalis, G. tristis, and G. 

 colvillei, showing the quantitative differences in the be- 

 havior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 

 vals. ( Charts D 463 to D 483. ) 



Among the conspicuous features of the?e charts are : 



(1) The higher reactivity of G. tristis in relation to 

 the other parent and the hybrid throughout. 



(2) The differences recorded between the reactions 

 of the starches of the two parents with the various rea- 

 gents, the curves varying very markedly in the extent of 

 separation. Thus, the curves are very close throughout 

 the whole or nearly the whole 60-minute period in the 

 reactions with chloral hydrate, nitric acid, sulphuric 

 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphide, sodium 

 salicylate, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt ni- 

 trate, copper nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, 

 and mercuric chloride ; they are well separated to widely 

 separated in those with chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, 

 hydrochloric acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 

 nate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and strontium 

 nitrate. 



(3) The almost universal tendency for the curve of 

 G. cardinalis to be closer to the curve of the hybrid than 

 to G. tristis. In only the reactions with chloral hy- 

 drate, sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium 

 salicylate is the curve of G. cardinalis definitely closer 

 to that of G. tristis. In the potassium-sulphide reac- 

 tions gelatiuization proceeded so slowly that such differ- 

 ences as were recorded fall within the limits of error of 

 experiment. In the experiments with calcium nitrate, 

 strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric chloride 

 the G. cardinalis curve is practically intermediate. 



(4) The curves of the hybrid bear varying relations 

 to the parental curves, with a manifest tendency to same- 

 ness to the curves of G. cardinalis, and to intermediate- 

 ness and to the lowest position, and almost invariably 

 definitely toward the seed parent. 



(5) An early period of resistance followed by a mod- 

 erate to rapid gelatinization is noted in the chromic 

 acid chart. In other charts the corresponding period is 

 one of comparatively rapid gelatinization, as in the reac- 

 tions with chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, sodium sali- 

 cylate, while in others gelatinization proceeds with 

 marked slowness, yet steadily from the outstart, as 

 instanced particularly in the reactions with potassium 

 sulphide, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and in other 

 very slow reactions. There are some gradations be- 

 tween these sets. 



(6) The earliest period of the 60 minutes at which 

 the three curves are best separated for differential pur- 

 poses varies with the different reagents, and in some 

 instances owing to the extremely slow reactions satis- 

 factory differentiation is impossible. Approximately 

 this period occurs at the end of 5 minutes in the reac- 

 tions with chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, and sodium 

 salicylate; at 15 minutes with chromic acid, pyrogallic 

 acid, hydrochloric acid, and potassium sulphocyanate ; at 

 30 minutes with strontium nitrate ; and at 60 minutes 

 with nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, 

 potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, 



calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper 

 nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and mercuric 

 chloride. In a number of the reactions of the latter 

 groups the differences are trivial and within the limits 

 of error of experiment. 



EEACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRID. 



This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 

 hybrid as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, and 

 deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 34 and 

 Charts D 463 to D 483.) 



The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 

 of the pollen parent in none of the reactions ; the same as 

 those of the seed parent in the reactions with safranin, 

 chromic acid, nitric acid, uranium nitrate, cupric chlo- 

 ride, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride ; the same 

 as those of both parents in that with cobalt nitrate, 

 wherein the gelatinization is extremely slow; interme- 

 diate in those with polarization, gentian violet, tempera- 

 ture, and pyrogallic acid (in all four being closer to the 

 seed parent ) ; highest in none ; and lowest with iodine, 

 chloral hydrate, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potas- 

 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 

 nate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- 

 phide, sodium salicylate, calcium nitrate, strontium ni- 

 trate, and copper nitrate (in 12 being closer to the seed 

 parent, and in 2 as close to one as to the other parent) . 



The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 

 ties : Same as seed parent, 7 ; same as pollen parent, ; 

 same as both parents, 1; intermediate, 4; highest, 0; 

 lowest, 14. 



The most striking features of the foregoing data are 

 the absence of a single reaction in which there was same- 

 ness or even inclination more to the pollen than to the 

 seed parent ; the slight tendency to intermediateness ; 

 and the very strongly marked tendency for the curves of 

 the hybrid to be below those of the parents. 



COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE EEACTION-INTENSITIES. 



This section treats of the composite curves of the 

 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 

 starches of Gladiolus cardinalis, G. tristis, and G. col- 

 villei. ( Chart E 34.) 



The most conspicuous features of this chart are: 



(1) The varying relationship the curve of G. tristis 

 bears to the curve of the other parent, sometimes above, 

 below, or the same or practically the same. It is above 

 in the reactions with temperature, chloral hydrate, pyro- 

 gallic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium 

 hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 

 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, sodium salicylate, 

 calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and 

 copper nitrate; below with polarization, gentian violet, 

 and safranin ; and the same or practically the same with 

 iodine, chromic acid, sulphuric acid, potassium sulphide, 

 cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, barium chloride, and 

 mercuric chloride. The other parent, G. cardinalis, is 

 higher in only the polarization, gentian-violet, and safra- 

 nin reactions. 



(2) The varying degrees of separation of the pa- 

 rental curves, the most marked separation being noted 

 in the reactions with polarization, temperature, pyro- 

 gallic acid, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, 

 sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and strontium 

 nitrate. 



(3) The marked tendency for the curve of the hy- 

 brid to be closer to the curve of G. cardinalis than to the 

 other parent, and to be lowest of the three. 



(4) In G. tristis the very high reactions with sul- 

 phuric acid; the high reactions with polarization, iodine, 

 and sodium salicylate ; the moderate with gentian violet, 



