ENCEPHALOCELES AND OTHER ABNORMALITIES. 103 



is situated on the posterior margin at the junction of the superior third with the 

 middle third; on the inferior margin near its middle a similar fissure is situated, 

 and halfway between it and the anterior end of the lung a shorter fissure 3.5 mm. 

 long exists; on the superior margin another, 3.5 mm. in length, is present slightly 

 anterior to the middle. These fissures are very superficial and extend for only a 

 few millimeters on the medial surface of the lung. The relations of the bronchial 

 tree were not determined. 



The liver is flattened out horizontally and shaped like an L with the angle 

 projecting anteriorly, the gall-bladder, which is 4.1 cm. in length, being situated 

 on the inferior surface of the long arm of the L. The closed end of the gall- 

 bladder lies near the tip of the angle and its long axis is directed diagonally toward 

 the upper end of the latter. The spleen is 2.2 by 1.3 by 1 cm. The presence of 

 the pancreas is determined histologically. It lies embedded in tissue near the verte- 

 bral column. Both kidneys and adrenals are somewhat compressed and distorted, 

 the left much more than the right. The right kidney is somewhat flattened from side 

 to side and at its upper end, and measures 4.5 by 1.2 by 3.5 cm. The right adrenal 

 lies above it and measures 3 by 2 by 0.5 cm. The left kidney is bent upon itself and 

 folded in with its closely adherent adrenal, so that together they form a rounded 

 mass measuring 4.7 by 3.4 by 2.4 cm. The greater distortion of the left kidney 

 and adrenal is very probably due to crowding, a result of the left-sided concave 

 bending of the vertebral column in this region and fusion of the lower ribs on that 

 side. The ureters and bladder are well formed. The uterus, tubes, and ovaries 

 are well developed. Blocks of tissue of heart, kidney, liver, and adrenal were run 

 through by the Levaditi method for spirochaetes by Dr. Bullard, with negative 

 findings. It is to be noted that the tissues had been kept in carbolic, which is not 

 the fixation recommended for this method. 



The developmental anomalies of the soft palate and the right lung are the most 

 marked changes which have taken place in the soft tissues anterior to the vertebral 

 column. They are both examples of arrested development and are secondary to, 

 and probably the mechanical result of, the deformity of the vertebra?. 



CRANIAL CAVITY AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



The shape assumed by the cerebro-spinal cavity or subdural space is shown by 

 figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the wax model. In figures 12 and 21 the model is given in 

 its relation to the skeleton. The space consists of a shallow dome which contained 

 the frontal and part of the parietal cerebral lobes. Below this dome a relatively 

 slight constriction in the model denotes the enlarged foramen magnum (figs. 4, 5, 7, 

 and 12). Under the foramen three rounded encephaloceles project posteriorly, and 

 below these the pointed termination of the spinal canal may be seen. Situated 

 ventral to the encephaloceles and continuous with them and with the base of the 

 dome and the spinal canal is a blunt, wedge-shaped mass marked w in figures 4, 5, 

 and 6. This portion fits into the pocket of bone formed by the thoracic and verte- 

 bral plate. With the exception of the inside of the large encephalocele, the space 

 occupied by the central nervous system is lined with a continuous sheet of smooth 

 dura. At the foramen magnum and in between the eminent i:r arruatse of the tern- 



