110 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 



surface of the tip of the first lumbar arch is shown, which joins the occiput; and on the left, the second lumbar 

 arch, which does the same. Crowding of the base of the ribs may be seen, including the first to the sixth on 

 the right and the fifth to the ninth on the left. The sternum is considerably to the left of the milline. 

 A persistent episternum is present as a small cartilaginous knob, surrounding the manubrium. The irreg- 

 ular vertebral and superior margins of the scapuke are shown. On the left side the spicule of bone passes 

 from the thoracic and cervical arches to the scapula. (Natural size). 



FIG. 11. The superior view of the thoracic skeleton and the anterior surface of the cervical vertebral plate and of the 

 occiput. In the cervical part, no vertebral bodies are distinct, but irregular radicular, and transverse proc- 

 esses project laterally from the central plate. The abnormal spicule of bone on the left side may be seen 

 passing from the fused transverse processes to the left scapula. This view shows how the foveal surfaces 

 of the atlas are shifted to the right in relation to their underlying transverse processes. The right fovea 

 almost overlies the tip of the right transverse process, while the left fovea leaves the left transverse process 

 uncovered. The left transverse process is bent up and joins the pars lateralis, thus forming a rather large 

 foramen. The anterior surface of the occiput shows MII asymmetrical oval outline pierced by a foramen, in 

 its center. The double exit of the right hypoglossal canal shows. The irregular superior margins of the 

 scapulae are seen. The episternum and the aborted second rib arc demonstrated. (Natural size). 



PLATE 3. 



IG. 12. The left-hand view of the axial skeleton with subdural cast in place and median outline of specimen given 

 This figure shows the extreme dorsoflexion of the vertebral column. The occiput is in position and its 

 squamosal junction on the left with the second lumbar arch is shown. The origin of the spicule of bone 

 which projects out from the transverse process in the thoracic region is visible. The crowding and irregular 

 arrangement of the fifth to the ninth ribs is shown, (xj)- 



FIG. 13. The superior view of the occipital bone shown with its enlarged foramen magnum. A normal-sized foramen 

 is designated by a dotted line. The left jugular process is prominent when compared with the right, which 

 seems to have been twisted over to the side. The anterior outlet to the right hypoglossal canal is shown with 

 the tiny rod of bone which divides the exit of the hypoglossal foramen on the right side immediately under it. 



FIG. 14. The inferior surface of the occipital bone shows the large foramen. On the squamosal surface the exostoges 

 which join the lumbar vertebra' show. On the partes laterales t he condylar surfaces and on the left side the 

 cartilaginous process which joins the transverse process of the atlas may be seen. The notched basal margin 

 of the basiocciput also is visible. (Natural size). 



FIG. 15. This shows schematically the ventral surface of the thoracic vertebral plate with pairing of the origin of the 

 seventh and eighth and ninth and tenth ribs on the right, side, and of the first and second, and the third and 

 fourth on the left. 



FIG. 16. This shows schematically the sternum with six costal cartilage attachments on each side. The last attachment 

 on both sides is that of the seventh rib. The discrepancy occurs through the second rib becoming aborted on 

 the right side, and the sixth being aborted on the left side. There are four centers of ossification on the mid- 

 line of the sternum. The upper two are opposite the first costal cartilage and resemble an exclamation 

 mark. The lower two are oval (4 by 3 mm.), with long diameter perpendicular. One is about, at the middle 

 point of the sternum and the other 1 cm. below it. An episternum surmounts the sternum and the xyphoid 

 process projects at its inferior end. 



PLATE 4. 



FIG. 17. Dorsal superior view of a normal left scapula of a new-born. 



FIG. IS. Same view of left scapula of specimen S62a shows the irregular vertebral and superior margins with the 

 abnormal spicule of bone attached. It also shows the sheets of fascia attached to the vertebral and median 

 margins of the scapula and the insertions of the rhomboideus and levator scapula 1 muscles on this fascia. 

 (Natural size). 



FIG. 19. Dorsal superior view of a normal right scapula of a new-born. 



FIG. 20. Same view of right scapula of this specimen, showing irregular vertebral margin. (Natural size). 



FIG. 21. Diagram of left thoracic and deep dorsal musculature on the left side of the mounted axial skeleton. The 

 occiput and model of cerebro-spinal cavity are in place. The median outline of the specimen is also given in 

 relation to these structures. Those muscles approximately normal are either sectioned or only drawn at 

 their origin or insertion. They are the m. pectoralis major and minor, the rectus, the external oblique, the 

 latissimus dorsi, the quadratus lumborum, and the levator scapula 1 . The abnormal muscles are shown entire, 

 except for the serratus anterior, whose origin is indicated by broken hues. The largest mass of abnormal 

 muscles consists of a longitudinal bundle extending from the sacrum to the occiput and labeled m. sacrospin. 

 From about the center of this bundle the serratus posterior inferior projects onto the lower three ribs. The 

 muscles at, the upper end of the bundle are quite irregular. Along the fourth and fifth ribs a mass of muscle 

 extends nearly to their costal cartilages. At the distal termination of these fibers lie several small irregu- 

 larly placed bundles. In the upper thoracic region is a narrow band of muscle overlying the others. (X i). 



FID. 22. Lateral view of abnormal right lung formed of but one lobe. (XI). 



FIG. 23. Lateral view of normal two-lobed left lung. (Xj). 



FIG. 24. Diagram of those structures of the central nervous system which lie near the midline and which can be 

 identified. The outline of the subdural space used was obtained from the sagittal section. Posteriorly this 

 passes near to the median margin of the left encephalocele. The cerebrum designated by a dotted field is 

 shown protruding below the foramen magnum into the encephalocele. A small portion of the cerebellum, 

 represented by line-hatching, is seen to lie very much flattened on top of the cord. The brain-stem and 

 cord, much bent, are shown in solid black. Those cranial nerves which were identified are shown by lines. 

 Only the first spinal nerve is shown. The floor of the fourth ventricle lies inverted on top of a flat cord. 



