104 OF THE VOICE AND SPEECH, 



rupted) that is, k, q, formed in the throat; d, t, about 

 the teeth; p, b, near the lips; and double (com- 

 pound) x, z. 



161. We must just mention certain other modifica- 

 tions of the human voice, of which some, as hiccup 

 and cough, belong more properly to pathology than to 

 physiology, but are very common in the most healthy 

 persons ; and others, as weeping and laughing, appear 

 peculiar to the human race. 



162. Many of these are so closely allied, as fre- 

 quently to be converted into each other ; most also are 

 variously modified. 



In laughter there is a succession of short and abrupt 

 expirations.* 



Coughing is a quick, violent, and sonorous expira- 

 tion, following a deep inspiration, f 



Sneezing, generally the consequence of an irritation 

 of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, is a violent 

 and almost convulsive expiration, preceded by a short 

 and violent inspiration. % 



Hiccup, on the contrary, is a sonorous, very short, 

 and almost convulsive, inspiration, excited by an un- 

 usual irritation of the cardia. 



In weeping there are deep inspirations, quickly alter- 

 nating with long and occasionally interrupted expi- 

 rations. || 



* Fr. Lupichius, De Risie. BasiL 1738. 4to. Trnitd des Causes physiques 

 et morales du, rire, Amst, 1788. 8vo. 



f J. Melch. Fr. Albrecht, (Praes. Hallero) Experimenta in vivis animalibus 

 circa tussis organa exploranda instituta. Getting. 1751. 4to. 



t Marc. Beat. L. J. Porta, De Stermitatione. Basil. 1755. 4tO. 



C. J. Sig. Thiel, De Singultu. Getting. 1761. 4to. 



|| J. F. Schreiber, De Fletu. L. B. 1728. 4to. 



