THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS. 



445 



ful to its enemies or rivals, and is generally accompanied by various 

 voluntary movements adapted for the same purpose, and by the utter- 

 ance of savage sounds. Mr. Bartlett, who has had such wide expe- 

 rience with animals of all kinds, does not doubt that this is the case ; 

 but it is a different question whether the power of erection was pri- 

 marily acquired for this special purpose. 



" With the carnivora the erection of the hair seems to be almost 

 universal, often accompanied by threatening movements, the uncover- 

 ing of the teeth, and the utterance of savage growls. The enraged 

 lion erects his mane. The bristling of the hair along the neck and 

 back of the dog, and over the whole body of the cat, especially on 

 the tail, is familiar to every one. With the cat it apparently occurs 

 only under fear ; with the dog, under anger and fear ; but not, as far 

 as I have observed, under abject fear, as when a dog is going to be 

 flogged by a severe game-keeper. If, however, the dog shows fight, as 

 sometimes happens, up goes his hair. I have often noticed that the 

 hair of a dog is particularly liable to rise, if he is half angry and half 

 afraid, as on beholding some object only indistinctly seen in the dusk. 



Fig. S. 



Swan driving away an Intbudee. (Drawn from Life by Mr. Wood.) 



" I have been assured by a veterinary surgeon that he has often 

 seen the hair erected on horses and cattle, on which he had operated 

 an^l was going again to operate. 



" Birds belonging to all the chief orders ruffle their feathers when 

 angry or frightened. Every one must have seen two cocks, even quite 



